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It is often claimed that Bayesian methods, in particular Bayes factor methods for hypothesis testing, can deal with optional stopping. We first give an overview, using elementary probability theory, of three different mathematical meanings…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2021-03-24 Allard Hendriksen , Rianne de Heide , Peter Grünwald

We study the stability of posterior predictive inferences to the specification of the likelihood model and perturbations of the data generating process. In modern big data analyses, useful broad structural judgements may be elicited from…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-04-30 Jack Jewson , Jim Q. Smith , Chris Holmes

Binomial time series in which the logit of the probability of success is modelled as a linear function of observed regressors and a stationary latent Gaussian process are considered. Score tests are developed to first test for the existence…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2016-06-06 W. T. M. Dunsmuir , J. Y. He

We consider the sequential composite binary hypothesis testing problem in which one of the hypotheses is governed by a single distribution while the other is governed by a family of distributions whose parameters belong to a known set…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2022-03-30 Jiachun Pan , Yonglong Li , Vincent Y. F. Tan

Multiple types of inference are available for probabilistic graphical models, e.g., marginal, maximum-a-posteriori, and even marginal maximum-a-posteriori. Which one do researchers mean when they talk about "planning as inference"? There is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-01-15 Miguel Lázaro-Gredilla , Li Yang Ku , Kevin P. Murphy , Dileep George

This study demonstrates the existence of a testable condition for the identification of the causal effect of a treatment on an outcome in observational data, which relies on two sets of variables: observed covariates to be controlled for…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-05-20 Martin Huber , Jannis Kueck

We pose causal inference as the problem of learning to classify probability distributions. In particular, we assume access to a collection $\{(S_i,l_i)\}_{i=1}^n$, where each $S_i$ is a sample drawn from the probability distribution of $X_i…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2015-05-20 David Lopez-Paz , Krikamol Muandet , Bernhard Schölkopf , Ilya Tolstikhin

We consider a general class of empirical-type likelihoods and develop higher order asymptotics with a view to characterizing members thereof that allow the existence of possibly data-dependent probability matching priors ensuring…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2008-12-18 Rahul Mukerjee

Investigation of the reversibility of the directional hierarchy in the interdependency among the notions of conditional independence, conditional mean independence, and zero conditional covariance, for two random variables X and Y given a…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2017-10-24 Rajeshwari Majumdar

Precondition inference is a non-trivial problem with important applications in program analysis and verification. We present a novel iterative method for automatically deriving preconditions for the safety and unsafety of programs. Each…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2023-06-22 Bishoksan Kafle , Graeme Gange , Peter J. Stuckey , Peter Schachte , Harald Sondergaard

In the binary hypothesis testing problem, it is well known that sequentiality in taking samples eradicates the trade-off between two error exponents, yet implementing the optimal test requires the knowledge of the underlying distributions,…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-01-07 Ching-Fang Li , I-Hsiang Wang

We show that there is a general, informative and reliable procedure for discovering causal relations when, for all the investigator knows, both latent variables and selection bias may be at work. Given information about conditional…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-02-21 Peter L. Spirtes , Christopher Meek , Thomas S. Richardson

In this paper, the problem of error control of stepwise multiple testing procedures is considered. For two-sided hypotheses, control of both type 1 and type 3 (or directional) errors is required, and thus mixed directional familywise error…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2016-02-10 Wenge Guo , Joseph P. Romano

Clinical trials often evaluate multiple outcome variables to form a comprehensive picture of the effects of a new treatment. The resulting multidimensional insight contributes to clinically relevant and efficient decision-making about…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-08-14 X. M. Kavelaars , J. Mulder , M. C. Kaptein

Error invariants are assertions that over-approximate the reachable program states at a given position in an error trace while only capturing states that will still lead to failure if execution of the trace is continued from that position.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2016-08-31 Andreas Holzer , Daniel Schwartz-Narbonne , Mitra Tabaei Befrouei , Georg Weissenbacher , Thomas Wies

We consider the problem of distributed binary hypothesis testing of two sequences that are generated by an i.i.d. doubly-binary symmetric source. Each sequence is observed by a different terminal. The two hypotheses correspond to different…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2018-01-03 Eli Haim , Yuval Kochman

We study the binary hypothesis testing problem where an adversary may potentially corrupt a fraction of the samples. The detector is, however, permitted to abstain from making a decision if (and only if) the adversary is present. We…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-01-24 Malhar A. Managoli , K. R. Sahasranand , Vinod M. Prabhakaran

Sequential decision making significantly speeds up research and is more cost-effective compared to fixed-n methods. We present a method for sequential decision making for stratified count data that retains Type-I error guarantee or false…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-02-23 Rosanne J. Turner , Peter D. Grünwald

In this article we differentiate and characterize the standard two-process serial models and the standard two process parallel models by investigating the behavior of (conditional) distributions of the total completion times and survivals…

Applications · Statistics 2017-12-05 Ru Zhang , Yanjun Liu , James T. Townsend

We propose a rigorous decomposition of predictive error, highlighting that not all 'irreducible' error is genuinely immutable. Many domains stand to benefit from iterative enhancements in measurement, construct validity, and modeling. Our…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-12 Jiani Yan , Charles Rahal