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Large Language Models (LLMs) achieve strong performance on many reasoning benchmarks, yet these evaluations typically focus on isolated tasks that differ from real-world usage in task-oriented dialogue (TOD). In this setting, LLMs must…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Ivan Kartáč , Mateusz Lango , Ondřej Dušek

Training task-oriented dialogue systems is both costly and time-consuming, due to the need for high-quality datasets encompassing diverse intents. Traditional methods depend on extensive human annotation, while recent advancements leverage…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Maya Medjad , Hugo Imbert , Bruno Yun , Raphaël Szymocha , Frédéric Armetta

Task-oriented dialogue (TOD) systems are experiencing a revolution driven by Large Language Models (LLMs), yet the evaluation methodologies for these systems remain insufficient for their growing sophistication. While traditional automatic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-17 Emre Can Acikgoz , Carl Guo , Suvodip Dey , Akul Datta , Takyoung Kim , Gokhan Tur , Dilek Hakkani-Tür

This survey provides a comprehensive review of research on multi-turn dialogue systems, with a particular focus on multi-turn dialogue systems based on large language models (LLMs). This paper aims to (a) give a summary of existing LLMs and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-18 Zihao Yi , Jiarui Ouyang , Zhe Xu , Yuwen Liu , Tianhao Liao , Haohao Luo , Ying Shen

In task-oriented dialogs (TOD), reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms train a model to directly optimize response for task-related metrics. However, RL needs to perform exploration, which can be time-consuming due to the slow…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-23 Xiao Yu , Qingyang Wu , Kun Qian , Zhou Yu

Many efforts have been made to construct dialog systems for different types of conversations, such as task-oriented dialog (TOD) and open-domain dialog (ODD). To better mimic human-level conversations that usually fuse various dialog modes,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-01 Miaoran Li , Baolin Peng , Michel Galley , Jianfeng Gao , Zhu Zhang

This paper presents an ontology-aware pretrained language model (OPAL) for end-to-end task-oriented dialogue (TOD). Unlike chit-chat dialogue models, task-oriented dialogue models fulfill at least two task-specific modules: dialogue state…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-09-13 Zhi Chen , Yuncong Liu , Lu Chen , Su Zhu , Mengyue Wu , Kai Yu

Task-oriented dialogue (TOD) systems function as digital assistants, guiding users through various tasks such as booking flights or finding restaurants. Existing toolkits for building TOD systems often fall short of in delivering…

Creating high-quality annotated data for task-oriented dialog (ToD) is known to be notoriously difficult, and the challenges are amplified when the goal is to create equitable, culturally adapted, and large-scale ToD datasets for multiple…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-27 Songbo Hu , Han Zhou , Mete Hergul , Milan Gritta , Guchun Zhang , Ignacio Iacobacci , Ivan Vulić , Anna Korhonen

Large Language Models (LLMs) have been widely adopted to enhance Task-Oriented Dialogue Systems (TODS) by modeling complex language patterns and delivering contextually appropriate responses. However, this integration introduces significant…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Shuo Zhang , Junzhou Zhao , Junji Hou , Pinghui Wang , Chenxu Wang , Jing Tao

Modern task-oriented dialogue (TOD) systems increasingly rely on large language model (LLM) agents, leveraging Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) and long-context capabilities for long-term memory utilization. However, these methods are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Yiming Du , Bingbing Wang , Yang He , Bin Liang , Baojun Wang , Zhongyang Li , Lin Gui , Jeff Z. Pan , Ruifeng Xu , Kam-Fai Wong

Creating effective and reliable task-oriented dialog systems (ToDSs) is challenging, not only because of the complex structure of these systems, but also due to the scarcity of training data, especially when several modules need to be…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Christos Vlachos , Themos Stafylakis , Ion Androutsopoulos

Much recent progress in task-oriented dialogue (ToD) systems has been driven by available annotation data across multiple domains for training. Over the last few years, there has been a move towards data curation for multilingual ToD…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-04 Bosheng Ding , Junjie Hu , Lidong Bing , Sharifah Mahani Aljunied , Shafiq Joty , Luo Si , Chunyan Miao

Task-oriented dialog systems enable users to accomplish tasks using natural language. State-of-the-art systems respond to users in the same way regardless of their personalities, although personalizing dialogues can lead to higher levels of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-03-27 A. B. Siddique , M. H. Maqbool , Kshitija Taywade , Hassan Foroosh

Programmable task-oriented dialogue (TOD) agents enable language models to follow structured dialogue policies, but their effectiveness hinges on accurate state tracking. We present PyTOD, an agent that generates executable code to track…

In task-oriented dialogue (ToD), a user holds a conversation with an artificial agent to complete a concrete task. Although this technology represents one of the central objectives of AI and has been the focus of ever more intense research…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-27 Evgeniia Razumovskaia , Goran Glavaš , Olga Majewska , Edoardo M. Ponti , Anna Korhonen , Ivan Vulić

In Task-Oriented Dialogue (TOD) systems, correctly updating the system's understanding of the user's requests (\textit{a.k.a} dialogue state tracking) is key to a smooth interaction. Traditionally, TOD systems perform this update in three…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Lucas Druart , Valentin Vielzeuf , Yannick Estève

End-to-end task-oriented dialogue (EToD) can directly generate responses in an end-to-end fashion without modular training, which attracts escalating popularity. The advancement of deep neural networks, especially the successful use of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-16 Libo Qin , Wenbo Pan , Qiguang Chen , Lizi Liao , Zhou Yu , Yue Zhang , Wanxiang Che , Min Li

In this paper, we present a neural network based task-oriented dialogue system that can be optimized end-to-end with deep reinforcement learning (RL). The system is able to track dialogue state, interface with knowledge bases, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-12-04 Bing Liu , Gokhan Tur , Dilek Hakkani-Tur , Pararth Shah , Larry Heck

Training task-oriented dialogue systems typically requires turn-level annotations for interacting with their APIs: e.g. a dialogue state and the system actions taken at each step. These annotations can be costly to produce, error-prone, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-17 Brendan King , Jeffrey Flanigan