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General Matrix Multiplication (GEMM) is a fundamental operation in many scientific workloads, signal processing, and particularly deep learning. It is often a bottleneck for performance and energy efficiency, especially in edge environments…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Ilias Papalamprou , Dimosthenis Masouros , Ioannis Loudaros , Francky Catthoor , Dimitrios Soudris

To alleviate the memory bandwidth bottleneck in Large Language Model (LLM) inference workloads, weight matrices are stored in memory in quantized and sparsified formats. Hence, before tiles of these matrices can be processed by in-core…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Gerasimos Gerogiannis , Stijn Eyerman , Evangelos Georganas , Wim Heirman , Josep Torrellas

SSE (streaming SIMD extensions) and AVX (advanced vector extensions) are SIMD (single instruction multiple data streams) instruction sets supported by recent CPUs manufactured in Intel and AMD. This SIMD programming allows parallel…

High Energy Physics - Lattice · Physics 2013-11-05 Hwancheol Jeong , Sunghoon Kim , Weonjong Lee , Seok-Ho Myung

We present "GEMM-like Tensor-Tensor multiplication" (GETT), a novel approach to tensor contractions that mirrors the design of a high-performance general matrix-matrix multiplication (GEMM). The critical insight behind GETT is the…

Mathematical Software · Computer Science 2017-11-08 Paul Springer , Paolo Bientinesi

Expanding Deep Learning applications toward edge computing demands architectures capable of delivering high computational performance and efficiency while adhering to tight power and memory constraints. Digital In-Memory Computing (DIMC)…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Tommaso Spagnolo , Cristina Silvano , Riccardo Massa , Filippo Grillotti , Thomas Boesch , Giuseppe Desoli

In the past decades, there has been a significant increase in sensor density and sensor deployment, driven by a significant miniaturization and decrease in size down to the chip level, addressing ubiquitous computing, edge computing, as…

Operating Systems · Computer Science 2023-02-20 Stefan Bosse , Sarah Bornemann , Björn Lüssem

Domain specific accelerators present new challenges and opportunities for code generation onto novel instruction sets, communication fabrics, and memory architectures. In this paper we introduce an intermediate representation (IR) which…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2018-10-24 Matthew Sotoudeh , Anand Venkat , Michael Anderson , Evangelos Georganas , Alexander Heinecke , Jason Knight

Vision representation learning, especially self-supervised learning, is pivotal for various vision applications. Ensemble learning has also succeeded in enhancing the performance and robustness of the vision models. However, traditional…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Zhong-Yu Li , Yu-Song Hu , Bo-Wen Yin , Ming-Ming Cheng

RISC-V is an extendable Instruction Set Architecture, growing in popularity for embedded systems. However, optimizing it to specific requirements, imposes a great deal of manual effort. To bridge the gap between software and ISA, the tool…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Andreas Hager-Clukas , Philipp van Kempen , Stefan Wallentowitz

While Transformers are dominated by Floating-Point (FP) Matrix-Multiplications, their aggressive acceleration through dedicated hardware or many-core programmable systems has shifted the performance bottleneck to non-linear functions like…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-04-16 Run Wang , Gamze Islamoglu , Andrea Belano , Viviane Potocnik , Francesco Conti , Angelo Garofalo , Luca Benini

This paper presents a novel, non-standard set of vector instruction types for exploring custom SIMD instructions in a softcore. The new types allow simultaneous access to a relatively high number of operands, reducing the instruction count…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2021-06-15 Philippos Papaphilippou , Paul H. J. Kelly , Wayne Luk

Recommendation systems (RecSys) suggest items to users by predicting their preferences based on historical data. Typical RecSys handle large embedding tables and many embedding table related operations. The memory size and bandwidth of the…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2022-02-22 Mengyuan Li , Ann Franchesca Laguna , Dayane Reis , Xunzhao Yin , Michael Niemier , Xiaobo Sharon Hu

Current AI training infrastructure is dominated by single instruction multiple data (SIMD) and systolic array architectures, such as Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) and Tensor Processing Units (TPUs), that excel at accelerating parallel…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-11-09 Jan Finkbeiner , Thomas Gmeinder , Mark Pupilli , Alexander Titterton , Emre Neftci

Emerging deep learning workloads urgently need fast general matrix multiplication (GEMM). To meet such demand, one of the critical features of machine-learning-specific accelerators such as NVIDIA Tensor Cores, AMD Matrix Cores, and Google…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-11-13 Bo Fang , Xinyi Li , Harvey Dam , Cheng Tan , Siva Kumar Sastry Hari , Timothy Tsai , Ignacio Laguna , Dingwen Tao , Ganesh Gopalakrishnan , Prashant Nair , Kevin Barker , Ang Li

High Bandwidth Memory with Processing-in-Memory (HBM-PIM) offers an opportunity to reduce data movement by executing computation directly inside memory, but current commercial platforms expose limited instruction sets and require…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Emanuele Venieri , Simone Manoni , Alberto Florian , Jaehyun Park , Kyomin Sohn , Andrea Bartolini

GEMM with the small size of input matrices is becoming widely used in many fields like HPC and machine learning. Although many famous BLAS libraries already supported small GEMM, they cannot achieve near-optimal performance. This is because…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2022-08-23 Jianyu Yao , Boqian Shi , Chunyang Xiang , Haipeng Jia , Chendi Li , Hang Cao , Yunquan Zhang

In Scientific Computing and modern Machine Learning (ML) workloads, sequences of dependent General Matrix Multiplications (GEMMs) often dominate execution time. While state-of-the-art BLAS libraries aggressively optimize individual GEMM…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-04-07 César Guedes Carneiro , Lucas Alvarenga , Guido Araujo , Sandro Rigo

Recently, researchers have explored ML-based Traffic Engineering (TE), leveraging neural networks to solve TE problems traditionally addressed by optimization. However, existing ML-based TE schemes remain impractical: they either fail to…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Ximeng Liu , Zhuoran Liu , Yingming Mao , Yatao Li , Shizhen Zhao , Xinbing Wang

The growing adoption of domain-specific architectures in edge computing platforms for deep learning has highlighted the efficiency of hardware accelerators. However, integrating custom accelerators into modern machine learning (ML)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Samira Ahmadifarsani , Daniel Mueller-Gritschneder , Ulf Schlichtmann

Hardware/Software (HW/SW) co-designed processors provide a promising solution to the power and complexity problems of the modern microprocessors by keeping their hardware simple. Moreover, they employ several runtime optimizations to…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2021-03-01 Rakesh Kumar , Alejandro Martinez , Antonio Gonzalez