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Modern microprocessors extend their instruction set architecture (ISA) with Single Instruction, Multiple Data (SIMD) operations to improve performance. The Intel Advanced Vector Extensions (AVX) enhance the x86 ISA and are widely supported…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Laslo Hunhold

The devices designed for the Internet-of-Things encompass a large variety of distinct processor architectures, forming a highly heterogeneous zoo. In order to tackle this, we employ a simulator to estimate the performance of the…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-03-13 Cristian Ramírez , Adrián Castelló , Héctor Martínez , Enrique S. Quintana-Ortí

In this article, we introduce an instruction set architecture (ISA) for processing-in-memory (PIM) based deep neural network (DNN) accelerators. The proposed ISA is for DNN inference on PIM-based architectures. It is assumed that the…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2023-08-15 Xiaoming Chen

The GEneral Matrix Multiplication (GEMM) is one of the essential algorithms in scientific computing. Single-thread GEMM implementations are well-optimised with techniques like blocking and autotuning. However, due to the complexity of…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Yufan Xia , Marco De La Pierre , Amanda S. Barnard , Giuseppe Maria Junior Barca

The currently dominant AI/ML workloads, such as Large Language Models (LLMs), rely on the efficient execution of General Matrix-Matrix Multiplication (GEMM) operations. Thus, most systems are equipped with dedicated matrix hardware…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Luigi Altamura , Alessio Cicero , Mateo Vázquez Maceiras , Mohammad Ali Maleki , Pedro Trancoso

GEneral Matrix Multiply (GEMM) is a central operation in deep learning and corresponds to the largest chunk of the compute footprint. Therefore, improving its efficiency is an active topic of ongoing research. A popular strategy is the use…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-13 Zhanpeng Zeng , Karthikeyan Sankaralingam , Vikas Singh

An important linear algebra routine, GEneral Matrix Multiplication (GEMM), is a fundamental operator in deep learning. Compilers need to translate these routines into low-level code optimized for specific hardware. Compiler-level…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-09-25 Huaqing Zhang , Xiaolin Cheng , Hui Zang , Dae Hoon Park

We present an interface and an implementation of the General Matrix Multiply (GEMM) routine for multiple small matrices processed simultaneously on NVIDIA graphics processing units (GPUs). We focus on matrix sizes under 16. The…

Mathematical Software · Computer Science 2013-04-29 Chetan Jhurani , Paul Mullowney

We propose a dense tensor accelerator called VectorMesh, a scalable, memory-efficient architecture that can support a wide variety of DNN and computer vision workloads. Its building block is a tile execution unit~(TEU), which includes…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2021-11-29 Yu-Sheng Lin , Wei-Chao Chen. Chia-Lin Yang , Shao-Yi Chien

General Matrix Multiplication (GEMM) has a wide range of applications in scientific simulation and artificial intelligence. Although traditional libraries can achieve high performance on large regular-shaped GEMMs, they often behave not…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2022-08-12 Shangfei Yin , Qinglin Wang , Ruochen Hao , Tianyang Zhou , Songzhu Mei , Jie Liu

Matrix multiplication (GEMM) is a core operation to numerous scientific applications. Traditional implementations of Strassen-like fast matrix multiplication (FMM) algorithms often do not perform well except for very large matrix sizes, due…

Mathematical Software · Computer Science 2016-11-04 Jianyu Huang , Leslie Rice , Devin A. Matthews , Robert A. van de Geijn

General Matrix Multiplication (GEMM) is a critical operation underpinning a wide range of applications in high-performance computing (HPC) and artificial intelligence (AI). The emergence of hardware optimized for low-precision arithmetic…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-08-21 Qiao Zhang , Rabab Alomairy , Dali Wang , Zhuowei Gu , Qinglei Cao

Compared to the first generation of deep neural networks, dominated by regular, compute-intensive kernels such as matrix multiplications (MatMuls) and convolutions, modern decoder-based transformers interleave attention, normalization, and…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Max Wipfli , Gamze İslamoğlu , Navaneeth Kunhi Purayil , Angelo Garofalo , Luca Benini

Fine-grained sparsity promises higher parametric capacity without proportional per-token compute, but often suffers from training instability, load balancing, and communication overhead. We introduce STEM (Scaling Transformers with…

Structured sparsity has been proposed as an efficient way to prune the complexity of modern Machine Learning (ML) applications and to simplify the handling of sparse data in hardware. The acceleration of ML models - for both training and…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2023-11-14 V. Titopoulos , K. Alexandridis , C. Peltekis , C. Nicopoulos , G. Dimitrakopoulos

Generalised matrix-matrix multiplication forms the kernel of many mathematical algorithms. A faster matrix-matrix multiply immediately benefits these algorithms. In this paper we implement efficient matrix multiplication for large matrices…

Performance · Computer Science 2019-12-11 Douglas Aberdeen , Jonathan Baxter

This work focuses on an efficient Agile design methodology for domain-specific accelerators. We employ feature-by-feature enhancement of a vertical development stack and apply it to the TVM/VTA inference accelerator. We have enhanced the…

Sparse Ternary General Matrix-Matrix Multiplication (GEMM) remains under-optimized in existing libraries for Apple Silicon CPUs. We present a Sparse Ternary GEMM kernel optimized specifically for Apple's M-series processors. We propose a…

Performance · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Baraq Lipshitz , Alessio Melone , Charalampos Maraziaris , Muhammed Bilal

Analytical framework for predicting General Matrix Multiplication (GEMM) performance on modern GPUs, focusing on runtime, power consumption, and energy efficiency. Our study employs two approaches: a custom-implemented tiled matrix…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-11-27 Xiaoteng , Liu , Pavly Halim

Transformers have revolutionized deep learning with applications in natural language processing, computer vision, and beyond. However, their computational demands make it challenging to deploy them on low-power edge devices. This paper…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-07-18 Rohit Prasad