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Deployed language models must decide not only what to answer but also when not to answer. We present UniCR, a unified framework that turns heterogeneous uncertainty evidence including sequence likelihoods, self-consistency dispersion,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Markus Oehri , Giulia Conti , Kaviraj Pather , Alexandre Rossi , Laia Serra , Adrian Parody , Rogvi Johannesen , Aviaja Petersen , Arben Krasniqi

Recent studies highlight economic complexity's role in mitigating fiscal crises, often measured via an economy's trade structure. Trade, however, is just one facet of an economy's structure and omits critical innovative activities like…

General Economics · Economics 2024-11-05 Goran Hristovski , Gjorgji Gockov , Viktor Stojkoski

Fluctuations in stock prices are influenced by a complex interplay of factors that go beyond mere historical data. These factors, themselves influenced by external forces, encompass inter-stock dynamics, broader economic factors, various…

Statistical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2026-02-12 Ambedkar Dukkipati , Kawin Mayilvaghanan , Naveen Kumar Pallekonda , Sai Prakash Hadnoor , Ranga Shaarad Ayyagari

Countless decisions shape our daily lives, and it is paramount to understand the how and why behind these choices. In this paper, we introduce a new LLM decision-making framework called STRUX, which enhances LLM decision-making by providing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-17 Yiming Lu , Yebowen Hu , Hassan Foroosh , Wei Jin , Fei Liu

The socioeconomic impact of pollution naturally comes with uncertainty due to, e.g., current new technological developments in emissions' abatement or demographic changes. On top of that, the trend of the future costs of the environmental…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-02-28 Matteo Basei , Giorgio Ferrari , Neofytos Rodosthenous

While Large Language Models (LLMs) show remarkable capabilities, their unreliability remains a critical barrier to deployment in high-stakes domains. This survey charts a functional evolution in addressing this challenge: the evolution of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Jiaxin Zhang , Wendi Cui , Zhuohang Li , Lifu Huang , Bradley Malin , Caiming Xiong , Chien-Sheng Wu

The continuous net reclassification improvement (NRI) statistic is a popular model change measure that was developed to assess the incremental value of new factors in a risk prediction model. Two prominent statistical issues identified in…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-04-08 Glenn Heller

This paper aims to estimate the impact of economic and financial crises on the unemployment rate in the European Union, taking also into consideration the institutional specificities, since unemployment was the main channel through which…

General Economics · Economics 2020-07-24 Ionut Jianu

Bayesian neural networks (BNNs) have recently regained a significant amount of attention in the deep learning community due to the development of scalable approximate Bayesian inference techniques. There are several advantages of using a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-05-02 Aliaksandr Hubin , Geir Storvik

In this paper, we study the problem of learning probabilistic logical rules for inductive and interpretable link prediction. Despite the importance of inductive link prediction, most previous works focused on transductive link prediction…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-04 Ali Sadeghian , Mohammadreza Armandpour , Patrick Ding , Daisy Zhe Wang

Extreme Value Theory (EVT) is one of the most commonly used approaches in finance for measuring the downside risk of investment portfolios, especially during financial crises. In this paper, we propose a novel approach based on EVT called…

General Economics · Economics 2020-11-16 Hamidreza Arian , Hossein Poorvasei , Azin Sharifi , Shiva Zamani

As deep learning applications are becoming more and more pervasive in robotics, the question of evaluating the reliability of inferences becomes a central question in the robotics community. This domain, known as predictive uncertainty, has…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-08-21 Michel Moukari , Loïc Simon , Sylvaine Picard , Frédéric Jurie

How much knowledge is there in an economy? In recent years, data on the mix of products that countries export has been used to construct measures of economic complexity that estimate the knowledge available in an economy and predict future…

Economics · Quantitative Finance 2017-07-26 Saleh Albeaik , Mary Kaltenberg , Mansour Alsaleh , Cesar A. Hidalgo

This study examines the role of uncertainty estimation (UE) methods in multilingual text classification under noisy and non-topical conditions. Using a complex-vs-simple sentence classification task across several languages, we evaluate a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Nouran Khallaf , Serge Sharoff

This paper introduces the Index of Future Readiness (IFR), a novel framework for assessing a country's capacity to withstand, adapt to, and prosper within an environment of continuous and accelerating change. The framework builds on the…

General Economics · Economics 2025-09-03 Ali Qassim Jawad , Xavier Sala-i-Martin

Machine unlearning (MU) aims to remove the influence of specific data from trained models, addressing privacy concerns and ensuring compliance with regulations such as the ``right to be forgotten.'' Evaluating strong unlearning, where the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Dongjae Jeon , Wonje Jeung , Taeheon Kim , Albert No , Jonghyun Choi

Large Language Models (LLMs) excel on many task-specific benchmarks, yet the mechanisms that drive this success remain poorly understood. We move from asking what these systems can do to asking how they process information. Our contribution…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Jae Wan Shim

Estimating uncertainty in deep learning models is critical for reliable decision-making in high-stakes applications such as medical imaging. Prior research has established that the difference between an input sample and its reconstructed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Xinran Xu , Li Rong Wang , Xiuyi Fan

Deep learning models have exhibited superior performance in predictive tasks with the explosively increasing Electronic Health Records (EHR). However, due to the lack of transparency, behaviors of deep learning models are difficult to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-07-16 Riyi Qiu , Yugang Jia , Mirsad Hadzikadic , Michael Dulin , Xi Niu , Xin Wang

When agents' information is imperfect and dispersed, existing measures of macroeconomic uncertainty based on the forecast error variance have two distinct drivers: the variance of the economic shock and the variance of the information…

Econometrics · Economics 2023-02-06 Luca Gambetti , Dimitris Korobilis , John Tsoukalas , Francesco Zanetti