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Related papers: Test-Time Scaling with Reflective Generative Model

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Reasoning LLMs (RLMs) such as OpenAI o1, DeepSeek-R1, and Qwen3 deliver strong multi-step reasoning through chain-of-thought generation, but their large model sizes and lengthy decode-time outputs make them costly to deploy and unsuitable…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Ziyan Wang , Enmao Diao , Qi Le , Pu Wang , Guanchu Wang , Minwoo Lee , Shu-ping Yeh , Li Yang

The enhancement of reasoning capabilities in large language models (LLMs) has garnered significant attention, with supervised fine-tuning (SFT) and reinforcement learning emerging as dominant paradigms. While recent studies recognize the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Zhijie Wang

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities in reasoning with the emergence of reasoning models like OpenAI-o1 and DeepSeek-R1. Recent research focuses on integrating reasoning capabilities into the realm of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Qi Zhang , Shouqing Yang , Lirong Gao , Hao Chen , Xiaomeng Hu , Jinglei Chen , Jiexiang Wang , Sheng Guo , Bo Zheng , Haobo Wang , Junbo Zhao

Test-time scaling has emerged as a transformative paradigm for enhancing the performance of large reasoning models, enabling dynamic allocation of computational resources during inference. However, as the landscape of reasoning models…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Zhangyue Yin , Qiushi Sun , Zhiyuan Zeng , Zhiyuan Yu , Qipeng Guo , Xuanjing Huang , Xipeng Qiu

Large reasoning models such as OpenAI o1 and DeepSeek-R1 have demonstrated remarkable performance in complex reasoning tasks. A critical component of their training is the incorporation of reference-based reward systems within reinforcement…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Yuchen Yan , Jin Jiang , Zhenbang Ren , Yijun Li , Xudong Cai , Yang Liu , Xin Xu , Mengdi Zhang , Jian Shao , Yongliang Shen , Jun Xiao , Yueting Zhuang

Recent reasoning large language models (LLMs), such as OpenAI o1 and DeepSeek-R1, exhibit strong performance on complex tasks through test-time inference scaling. However, prior studies have shown that these models often incur significant…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Wai Man Si , Mingjie Li , Michael Backes , Yang Zhang

Generative reward models with parallel sampling have enabled effective test-time scaling for reasoning tasks. Current approaches employ pointwise scoring of individual solutions or pairwise comparisons. However, pointwise methods…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-25 Shubham Toshniwal , Ivan Sorokin , Aleksander Ficek , Ivan Moshkov , Igor Gitman

We introduce DeepSeek-V3.2, a model that harmonizes high computational efficiency with superior reasoning and agent performance. The key technical breakthroughs of DeepSeek-V3.2 are as follows: (1) DeepSeek Sparse Attention (DSA): We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-03 DeepSeek-AI , Aixin Liu , Aoxue Mei , Bangcai Lin , Bing Xue , Bingxuan Wang , Bingzheng Xu , Bochao Wu , Bowei Zhang , Chaofan Lin , Chen Dong , Chengda Lu , Chenggang Zhao , Chengqi Deng , Chenhao Xu , Chong Ruan , Damai Dai , Daya Guo , Dejian Yang , Deli Chen , Erhang Li , Fangqi Zhou , Fangyun Lin , Fucong Dai , Guangbo Hao , Guanting Chen , Guowei Li , H. Zhang , Hanwei Xu , Hao Li , Haofen Liang , Haoran Wei , Haowei Zhang , Haowen Luo , Haozhe Ji , Honghui Ding , Hongxuan Tang , Huanqi Cao , Huazuo Gao , Hui Qu , Hui Zeng , Jialiang Huang , Jiashi Li , Jiaxin Xu , Jiewen Hu , Jingchang Chen , Jingting Xiang , Jingyang Yuan , Jingyuan Cheng , Jinhua Zhu , Jun Ran , Junguang Jiang , Junjie Qiu , Junlong Li , Junxiao Song , Kai Dong , Kaige Gao , Kang Guan , Kexin Huang , Kexing Zhou , Kezhao Huang , Kuai Yu , Lean Wang , Lecong Zhang , Lei Wang , Liang Zhao , Liangsheng Yin , Lihua Guo , Lingxiao Luo , Linwang Ma , Litong Wang , Liyue Zhang , M. S. Di , M. Y Xu , Mingchuan Zhang , Minghua Zhang , Minghui Tang , Mingxu Zhou , Panpan Huang , Peixin Cong , Peiyi Wang , Qiancheng Wang , Qihao Zhu , Qingyang Li , Qinyu Chen , Qiushi Du , Ruiling Xu , Ruiqi Ge , Ruisong Zhang , Ruizhe Pan , Runji Wang , Runqiu Yin , Runxin Xu , Ruomeng Shen , Ruoyu Zhang , S. H. Liu , Shanghao Lu , Shangyan Zhou , Shanhuang Chen , Shaofei Cai , Shaoyuan Chen , Shengding Hu , Shengyu Liu , Shiqiang Hu , Shirong Ma , Shiyu Wang , Shuiping Yu , Shunfeng Zhou , Shuting Pan , Songyang Zhou , Tao Ni , Tao Yun , Tian Pei , Tian Ye , Tianyuan Yue , Wangding Zeng , Wen Liu , Wenfeng Liang , Wenjie Pang , Wenjing Luo , Wenjun Gao , Wentao Zhang , Xi Gao , Xiangwen Wang , Xiao Bi , Xiaodong Liu , Xiaohan Wang , Xiaokang Chen , Xiaokang Zhang , Xiaotao Nie , Xin Cheng , Xin Liu , Xin Xie , Xingchao Liu , Xingkai Yu , Xingyou Li , Xinyu Yang , Xinyuan Li , Xu Chen , Xuecheng Su , Xuehai Pan , Xuheng Lin , Xuwei Fu , Y. Q. Wang , Yang Zhang , Yanhong Xu , Yanru Ma , Yao Li , Yao Li , Yao Zhao , Yaofeng Sun , Yaohui Wang , Yi Qian , Yi Yu , Yichao Zhang , Yifan Ding , Yifan Shi , Yiliang Xiong , Ying He , Ying Zhou , Yinmin Zhong , Yishi Piao , Yisong Wang , Yixiao Chen , Yixuan Tan , Yixuan Wei , Yiyang Ma , Yiyuan Liu , Yonglun Yang , Yongqiang Guo , Yongtong Wu , Yu Wu , Yuan Cheng , Yuan Ou , Yuanfan Xu , Yuduan Wang , Yue Gong , Yuhan Wu , Yuheng Zou , Yukun Li , Yunfan Xiong , Yuxiang Luo , Yuxiang You , Yuxuan Liu , Yuyang Zhou , Z. F. Wu , Z. Z. Ren , Zehua Zhao , Zehui Ren , Zhangli Sha , Zhe Fu , Zhean Xu , Zhenda Xie , Zhengyan Zhang , Zhewen Hao , Zhibin Gou , Zhicheng Ma , Zhigang Yan , Zhihong Shao , Zhixian Huang , Zhiyu Wu , Zhuoshu Li , Zhuping Zhang , Zian Xu , Zihao Wang , Zihui Gu , Zijia Zhu , Zilin Li , Zipeng Zhang , Ziwei Xie , Ziyi Gao , Zizheng Pan , Zongqing Yao , Bei Feng , Hui Li , J. L. Cai , Jiaqi Ni , Lei Xu , Meng Li , Ning Tian , R. J. Chen , R. L. Jin , S. S. Li , Shuang Zhou , Tianyu Sun , X. Q. Li , Xiangyue Jin , Xiaojin Shen , Xiaosha Chen , Xinnan Song , Xinyi Zhou , Y. X. Zhu , Yanping Huang , Yaohui Li , Yi Zheng , Yuchen Zhu , Yunxian Ma , Zhen Huang , Zhipeng Xu , Zhongyu Zhang , Dongjie Ji , Jian Liang , Jianzhong Guo , Jin Chen , Leyi Xia , Miaojun Wang , Mingming Li , Peng Zhang , Ruyi Chen , Shangmian Sun , Shaoqing Wu , Shengfeng Ye , T. Wang , W. L. Xiao , Wei An , Xianzu Wang , Xiaowen Sun , Xiaoxiang Wang , Ying Tang , Yukun Zha , Zekai Zhang , Zhe Ju , Zhen Zhang , Zihua Qu

Reasoning with large language models often benefits from generating multiple chains-of-thought, but existing aggregation strategies are typically trajectory-level (e.g., selecting the best trace or voting on the final answer), discarding…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Roy Miles , Aysim Toker , Andreea-Maria Oncescu , Songcen Xu , Jiankang Deng , Ismail Elezi

Large reasoning models exhibit remarkable reasoning capabilities via long, elaborate reasoning trajectories. Supervised fine-tuning on such reasoning traces, also known as distillation, can be a cost-effective way to boost reasoning…

Large Language Models (LLMs) can achieve enhanced complex problem-solving through test-time computing scaling, yet this often entails longer contexts and numerous reasoning token costs. In this paper, we propose an efficient test-time…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-02 Zhaojian Yu , Yinghao Wu , Yilun Zhao , Arman Cohan , Xiao-Ping Zhang

Recent Large Reasoning Models (LRMs), such as DeepSeek-R1 and OpenAI o1, have demonstrated strong performance gains by scaling up the length of Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning during inference. However, a growing concern lies in their…

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have shown promising capabilities in reasoning tasks, yet still struggle with complex problems requiring explicit self-reflection and self-correction, especially compared to their unimodal text-based…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Zhongwei Wan , Zhihao Dou , Che Liu , Yu Zhang , Dongfei Cui , Qinjian Zhao , Hui Shen , Jing Xiong , Yi Xin , Yifan Jiang , Chaofan Tao , Yangfan He , Mi Zhang , Shen Yan

Tiny Recursive Models (TRM) were proposed as a parameter-efficient alternative to large language models for solving Abstraction and Reasoning Corpus (ARC) style tasks. The original work reports strong performance and suggests that recursive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-12 Antonio Roye-Azar , Santiago Vargas-Naranjo , Dhruv Ghai , Nithin Balamurugan , Rayan Amir

This study aims to develop an adaptive learning platform that leverages generative AI to automate assessment creation and feedback delivery. The platform provides self-correcting tests and personalised feedback that adapts to each learners…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Riya Gill , Ievgeniia Kuzminykh , Maher Salem , Bogdan Ghita

Large language models (LLMs) have shown significant general language understanding abilities. However, there has been a scarcity of attempts to assess the logical reasoning capacities of these LLMs, an essential facet of natural language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Hanmeng liu , Zhiyang Teng , Ruoxi Ning , Yiran Ding , Xiulai Li , Xiaozhang Liu , Yue Zhang

We introduce Open-Reasoner-Zero, the first open source implementation of large-scale reasoning-oriented RL training on the base model focusing on scalability, simplicity and accessibility. Through extensive experiments, we demonstrate that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Jingcheng Hu , Yinmin Zhang , Qi Han , Daxin Jiang , Xiangyu Zhang , Heung-Yeung Shum

Reasoning-oriented language models typically expose explicit reasoning as a long, front-loaded chain of "thinking" tokens before the main output, either always enabled or externally toggled at inference time. Although this can help on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Susmit Das

The integration of slow-thinking mechanisms into large language models (LLMs) offers a promising way toward achieving Level 2 AGI Reasoners, as exemplified by systems like OpenAI's o1. However, several significant challenges remain,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-10 Xiao-Wen Yang , Xuan-Yi Zhu , Wen-Da Wei , Ding-Chu Zhang , Jie-Jing Shao , Zhi Zhou , Lan-Zhe Guo , Yu-Feng Li

We present an explainable, bias-aware generative framework that unifies cross-modal attention fusion, Grad-CAM++ attribution, and a Reveal-to-Revise feedback loop within a single training paradigm. The architecture couples a conditional…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Noor Islam S. Mohammad , Md Muntaqim Meherab