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Large Language Models (LLMs) are reported to hold undesirable attestation bias on inference tasks: when asked to predict if a premise P entails a hypothesis H, instead of considering H's conditional truthfulness entailed by P, LLMs tend to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-27 Tianyang Liu , Tianyi Li , Liang Cheng , Mark Steedman

Natural language processing (NLP) models often replicate or amplify social bias from training data, raising concerns about fairness. At the same time, their black-box nature makes it difficult for users to recognize biased predictions and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Yifan Wang , Mayank Jobanputra , Ji-Ung Lee , Soyoung Oh , Isabel Valera , Vera Demberg

Large Language Models (LLMs) challenge conventional automated programming assessment because students can now produce functionally correct code without demonstrating corresponding understanding. This paper makes two contributions. First, it…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Eduard Frankford , Erik Cikalleshi , Ruth Breu

Public and nonprofit organizations often hesitate to adopt AI tools because most models are opaque even though standard approaches typically analyze aggregate patterns rather than offering actionable, case-level guidance. This study tests a…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Ji Ma , Albert Casella

Large language models (LLMs) are being increasingly adopted in the software engineering domain, yet the robustness of their grasp on core software design concepts remains unclear. We conduct an empirical study to systematically evaluate…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Mootez Saad , Boqi Chen , José Antonio Hernández López , Dániel Varró , Tushar Sharma

As language models (LMs) deliver increasing performance on a range of NLP tasks, probing classifiers have become an indispensable technique in the effort to better understand their inner workings. A typical setup involves (1) defining an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-01 Charles Jin , Martin Rinard

Knowledge distillation from large language models (LLMs) assumes that the teacher's output distribution is a high-quality training signal. On reasoning tasks, this assumption is frequently violated. A model's intermediate representations…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Ryan Brown , Chris Russell

Uncertainty calibration is essential for the safe deployment of large language models (LLMs), particularly when users rely on verbalized confidence estimates. While prior work has focused on classifiers or short-form generation, confidence…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Chaeyun Jang , Moonseok Choi , Yegon Kim , Hyungi Lee , Juho Lee

The rapid advancement of pre-trained language models (PLMs) has demonstrated promising results for various code-related tasks. However, their effectiveness in detecting real-world vulnerabilities remains a critical challenge. While existing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Youpeng Li , Weiliang Qi , Xuyu Wang , Fuxun Yu , Xinda Wang

Large Audio Language Models (LALMs), which couple acoustic perception with large language models (LLMs) to extract and understand diverse information from audio, have attracted intense interest from both academic and industrial communities.…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Bohan Li , Wenbin Huang , Yuhang Qiu , Yiwei Guo , Hankun Wang , Zhihan Li , Jing Peng , Ziyang Ma , Xie Chen , Kai Yu

Large Language Models (LLMs) often provide chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning traces that appear plausible, but may hide internal biases. We call these *unverbalized biases*. Monitoring models via their stated reasoning is therefore…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Iván Arcuschin , David Chanin , Adrià Garriga-Alonso , Oana-Maria Camburu

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used in everyday tools and applications, raising concerns about their potential influence on political views. While prior research has shown that LLMs often exhibit measurable political…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Daniil Gurgurov , Katharina Trinley , Ivan Vykopal , Josef van Genabith , Simon Ostermann , Roberto Zamparelli

Tracking the internal states of large language models across conversations is important for safety, interpretability, and model welfare, yet current methods are limited. Linear probes and other white-box methods compress high-dimensional…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Nicolas Martorell , Bruno Bianchi

Large language models (LLMs) can be said to have preferences: they reliably pick certain tasks and outputs over others, and preferences shaped by post-training and system prompts appear to shape much of their behaviour. But models can also…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Oscar Gilg , Pierre Beckmann , Daniel Paleka , Patrick Butlin

As fine-tuning becomes the dominant paradigm for improving large language models (LLMs), understanding what changes during this process is increasingly important. Traditional benchmarking often fails to explain why one model outperforms…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Sabri Boughorbel , Fahim Dalvi , Nadir Durrani , Majd Hawasly

Pre-trained Language Models (PLMs) are trained on large amounts of unlabeled data, yet they exhibit remarkable reasoning skills. However, the trustworthiness challenges posed by these black-box models have become increasingly evident in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Yunxiao Zhao , Hao Xu , Zhiqiang Wang , Xiaoli Li , Jiye Liang , Ru Li

Advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) have increased the performance of different natural language understanding as well as generation tasks. Although LLMs have breached the state-of-the-art performance in various tasks, they often…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Charaka Vinayak Kumar , Ashok Urlana , Gopichand Kanumolu , Bala Mallikarjunarao Garlapati , Pruthwik Mishra

The rapid advancement of Large Language Models (LLMs) in the realm of mathematical reasoning necessitates comprehensive evaluations to gauge progress and inspire future directions. Existing assessments predominantly focus on problem-solving…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Xiaoyuan Li , Wenjie Wang , Moxin Li , Junrong Guo , Yang Zhang , Fuli Feng

This paper surveys evaluation techniques to enhance the trustworthiness and understanding of Large Language Models (LLMs). As reliance on LLMs grows, ensuring their reliability, fairness, and transparency is crucial. We explore algorithmic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Nik Bear Brown

Ambiguity is an intrinsic feature of natural language. Managing ambiguity is a key part of human language understanding, allowing us to anticipate misunderstanding as communicators and revise our interpretations as listeners. As language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-23 Alisa Liu , Zhaofeng Wu , Julian Michael , Alane Suhr , Peter West , Alexander Koller , Swabha Swayamdipta , Noah A. Smith , Yejin Choi