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Camera and LiDAR serve as informative sensors for accurate and robust autonomous driving systems. However, these sensors often exhibit heterogeneous natures, resulting in distributional modality gaps that present significant challenges for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-23 Yiran Yang , Xu Gao , Tong Wang , Xin Hao , Yifeng Shi , Xiao Tan , Xiaoqing Ye , Jingdong Wang

Besides standard cameras, autonomous vehicles typically include multiple additional sensors, such as lidars and radars, which help acquire richer information for perceiving the content of the driving scene. While several recent works focus…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-14 Tim Broedermann , Christos Sakaridis , Dengxin Dai , Luc Van Gool

Inspired by the fact that humans use diverse sensory organs to perceive the world, sensors with different modalities are deployed in end-to-end driving to obtain the global context of the 3D scene. In previous works, camera and LiDAR inputs…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-08-04 Qingwen Zhang , Mingkai Tang , Ruoyu Geng , Feiyi Chen , Ren Xin , Lujia Wang

High-definition (HD) maps are essential for autonomous driving, yet multi-modal fusion often suffers from inconsistency between camera and LiDAR modalities, leading to performance degradation under low-light conditions, occlusions, or…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Haoxiang Fu , Lingfeng Zhang , Hao Li , Ruibing Hu , Zhengrong Li , Guanjing Liu , Zimu Tan , Long Chen , Hangjun Ye , Xiaoshuai Hao

Autonomous driving has been among the most popular and challenging topics in the past few years. On the road to achieving full autonomy, researchers have utilized various sensors, such as LiDAR, camera, Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU), and…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-06-27 Zhibin Bao , Sabir Hossain , Haoxiang Lang , Xianke Lin

Multi-modal depth estimation is one of the key challenges for endowing autonomous machines with robust robotic perception capabilities. There have been outstanding advances in the development of uni-modal depth estimation techniques based…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-07-21 Johan S. Obando-Ceron , Victor Romero-Cano , Sildomar Monteiro

Sensor fusion is crucial for a performant and robust Perception system in autonomous vehicles, but sensor staleness, where data from different sensors arrives with varying delays, poses significant challenges. Temporal misalignment between…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-09 Meng Fan , Yifan Zuo , Patrick Blaes , Harley Montgomery , Subhasis Das

Robust perception in automated driving requires reliable performance under adverse conditions, where sensors may be affected by partial failures or environmental occlusions. Although existing autonomous driving datasets inherently contain…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Sanjay Kumar , Tim Brophy , Reenu Mohandas , Eoin Martino Grua , Ganesh Sistu , Valentina Donzella , Ciaran Eising

High-definition (HD) maps provide environmental information for autonomous driving systems and are essential for safe planning. While existing methods with single-frame input achieve impressive performance for online vectorized HD map…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Jingyu Song , Xudong Chen , Liupei Lu , Jie Li , Katherine A. Skinner

Multi-sensor fusion is crucial for accurate 3D object detection in autonomous driving, with cameras and LiDAR being the most commonly used sensors. However, existing methods perform sensor fusion in a single view by projecting features from…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-11 Rohit Mohan , Daniele Cattaneo , Florian Drews , Abhinav Valada

High-Definition (HD) maps play a crucial role in autonomous vehicle navigation, complementing onboard perception sensors for improved accuracy and safety. Traditional HD map generation relies on dedicated mapping vehicles, which are costly…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-24 Gamal Elghazaly , Raphael Frank

Autonomous driving requires accurate scene understanding, including road geometry, traffic agents, and their semantic relationships. In online HD map generation scenarios, raster-based representations are well-suited to vision models but…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Zhigang Sun , Yiru Wang , Anqing Jiang , Shuo Wang , Yu Gao , Yuwen Heng , Shouyi Zhang , An He , Hao Jiang , Jinhao Chai , Zichong Gu , Wang Jijun , Shichen Tang , Lavdim Halilaj , Juergen Luettin , Hao Sun

Multi-sensor fusion plays a critical role in enhancing perception for autonomous driving, overcoming individual sensor limitations, and enabling comprehensive environmental understanding. This paper first formalizes multi-sensor fusion…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Chuheng Wei , Ziye Qin , Ziyan Zhang , Guoyuan Wu , Matthew J. Barth

Multimodal sensor fusion methods for 3D object detection have been revolutionizing the autonomous driving research field. Nevertheless, most of these methods heavily rely on dense LiDAR data and accurately calibrated sensors which is often…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-06-14 Maciej K. Wozniak , Viktor Karefjards , Marko Thiel , Patric Jensfelt

Modern autonomous driving perception systems utilize complementary multi-modal sensors, such as LiDAR and cameras. Although sensor fusion architectures enhance performance in challenging environments, they still suffer significant…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Konyul Park , Yecheol Kim , Daehun Kim , Jun Won Choi

3D multi-object tracking (MOT) is essential for an autonomous mobile agent to safely navigate a scene. In order to maximize the perception capabilities of the autonomous agent, we aim to develop a 3D MOT framework that fuses camera and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-05 Tara Sadjadpour , Rares Ambrus , Jeannette Bohg

Multi-modal systems have the capacity of producing more reliable results than systems with a single modality in road detection due to perceiving different aspects of the scene. We focus on using raw sensor inputs instead of, as it is…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-08-24 Erkan Milli , Özgür Erkent , Asım Egemen Yılmaz

Reliable perception is essential for autonomous driving systems to operate safely under diverse real-world traffic conditions. However, camera- and LiDAR-based perception systems suffer from performance degradation under adverse weather and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Yue Sun , Yeqiang Qian , Zhe Wang , Tianhui Li , Chunxiang Wang , Ming Yang

Multi-modal 3D object detection models for automated driving have demonstrated exceptional performance on computer vision benchmarks like nuScenes. However, their reliance on densely sampled LiDAR point clouds and meticulously calibrated…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-23 Till Beemelmanns , Quan Zhang , Christian Geller , Lutz Eckstein

Balancing cost and performance is crucial when choosing high- versus low-resolution point-cloud roadside sensors. For example, LiDAR delivers dense point cloud, while 4D millimeter-wave radar, though spatially sparser, embeds velocity cues…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-05-06 Shaozu Ding , Yihong Tang , Marco De Vincenzi , Dajiang Suo