Related papers: From Symmetry to Structure: Gauge-Invariant Operat…
The symmetry study of main differential equations of mechanics and electrodynamics has shown, that differential equations, which are invariant under transformations of groups, which are symmetry groups of mathematical numbers (considered…
There are many applications in gauge theories where the usually employed framework involving gauge-dependent Green's functions leads to considerable problems. In order to overcome the difficulties invariably tied to gauge dependence, we…
For the description of observables and states of a quantum system, it may be convenient to use a canonical Weyl algebra of which only a subalgebra $\mathcal A$, with a non-trivial center $\mathcal Z$, describes observables, the other Weyl…
In 2005, Shen introduced a new invariant, $\mathcal G(N)$, of a diffuse von Neumann algebra $N$ with a fixed faithful trace, and he used this invariant to give a unified approach to showing that large classes of ${\mathrm{II}}_1$ factors…
New universal invariant operators are introduced in a class of geometries which include the quaternionic structures and their generalisations as well as 4-dimensional conformal (spin) geometries. It is shown that, in a broad sense, all…
We derive the invariant measure on the manifold of multimode quantum Gaussian states, induced by the Haar measure on the group of Gaussian unitary transformations. To this end, by introducing a bipartition of the system in two disjoint…
In free completely symmetric tensor gauge field theories on Minkowski space-time, all gauge invariant functions and Killing tensor fields are computed, both on-shell and off-shell. These problems are addressed in the metric-like formalisms.
We study invariants under gauge transformations of linear partial differential operators on two variables. Using results of BK-factorization, we construct hierarchy of general invariants for operators of an arbitrary order. Properties of…
A detailed derivation from first principles is given for the unambiguous and slice-independent formula for the two-loop superstring chiral measure which was announced in the first paper of this series. Supergeometries are projected onto…
We give an algorithm to write down all conformally invariant differential operators acting between scalar functions on Minkowski space. All operators of order k are nonlinear and are functions on a finite family of functionally independent…
We consider the gauged free fermionic matrix model, for a single fermionic matrix. In the large $N$ limit this system describes a $c=1/2$ chiral fermion in $1+1$ dimensions. The Gauss' law constraint implies that to obtain a physical state,…
The aim of the present article is to describe the symmetry structure of a general gauge (singular) theory, and, in particular, to relate the structure of gauge transformations with the constraint structure of a theory in the Hamiltonian…
We present an efficient method for finding the independent invariant tensors of a gauge theory. Our method uses a theorem relating invariant tensors and D-flat directions in field space. We apply our method to several examples-- SO(3) with…
One way of describing gauge theories in physics is to assign a vector space $V_{x}$ to each space time point $x.$ For each $x$ the field $\psi$ takes values $\psi(x)$ in $V_{x}.$ The freedom to choose a basis in each $V_{x}$ introduces…
The algebraic formulation of the quantum group gauge models in the framework of the $R$-matrix approach to the theory of quantum groups is given. We consider gauge groups taking values in the quantum groups and noncommutative gauge fields…
It is shown that quantum mechanics on noncommutative spaces (NQM) can be obtained by the canonical quantization of some underlying second class constrained system formulated in extended configuration space. It leads, in particular, to an…
We construct two complete invariants of oriented classical knots in space. The value of each invariant on any knot is a set, infinite for the first invariant and finite for the second. The finite set is computed algorithmically from any…
In particle physics, the fundamental forces are subject to symmetries called gauge invariance. It is a redundancy in the mathematical description of any physical system. In this article I will demonstrate that the transformer architecture…
In this paper we study the complex symmetry in the several variable Fock space by using the techniques of weighted composition operators and semigroups. We characterize unbounded weighted composition operators that are (real) complex…
We discuss the construction of $\kappa$-Poincar\'e invariant actions for gauge theories on $\kappa$-Minkowski spaces. We consider various classes of untwisted and (bi)twisted differential calculi. Starting from a natural class of…