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Large Language Models (LLMs) with tool-calling capabilities have demonstrated remarkable potential in executing complex tasks through external tool integration. The Model Context Protocol (MCP) has emerged as a standardized framework for…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Sarat Mudunuri , Jian Wan , Ally Qin , Srinivasan Manoharan

The rapid adoption of foundation models has significantly expanded the capabilities of software systems, enabling them to perform complex language, reasoning, and interaction tasks that were previously difficult to automate. However, this…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Mina Taraghi , Mohammad Mehdi Morovati , Foutse Khomh

The integration of Large Language Models (LLMs) with Internet-of-Things (IoT) systems faces significant challenges in hardware heterogeneity and control complexity. The Model Context Protocol (MCP) emerges as a critical enabler, providing…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Ningyuan Yang , Guanliang Lyu , Mingchen Ma , Yiyi Lu , Yiming Li , Zhihui Gao , Hancheng Ye , Jianyi Zhang , Tingjun Chen , Yiran Chen

As Agentic AI gain mainstream adoption, the industry invests heavily in model capabilities, achieving rapid leaps in reasoning and quality. However, these systems remain largely confined to data silos, and each new integration requires…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Sonu Kumar , Anubhav Girdhar , Ritesh Patil , Divyansh Tripathi

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) (MCP Community, 2025) has emerged as a widely used framework for enabling LLM-based agents to communicate with external tools and services. The original MCP implementation (Anthropic, 2024) relies on a Large…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Meenakshi Amulya Jayanti , X. Y. Han

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) replaces static, developer-controlled API integrations with more dynamic, user-driven agent systems, which also introduces new security risks. As MCP adoption grows across community servers and major…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Herman Errico , Jiquan Ngiam , Shanita Sojan

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) has emerged as a universal standard that enables AI agents to seamlessly connect with external tools, significantly enhancing their functionality. However, while MCP brings notable benefits, it also…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Yongjian Guo , Puzhuo Liu , Wanlun Ma , Zehang Deng , Xiaogang Zhu , Peng Di , Xi Xiao , Sheng Wen

Model Context Protocol (MCP) servers have rapidly emerged over the past year as a widely adopted way to enable Large Language Model (LLM) agents to access dynamic, real-world tools. As MCP servers proliferate and become easy to adopt via…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Pratyay Kumar , Miguel Antonio Guirao Aguilera , Srikathyayani Srikanteswara , Satyajayant Misra , Abu Saleh Md Tayeen

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) defines a schema bound execution model for agent-tool interaction, enabling modular computer vision workflows without retraining. To our knowledge, this is the first protocol level, deployment scale audit of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Aditi Tiwari , Akshit Bhalla , Darshan Prasad

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly augmented with external tools through standardized interfaces like the Model Context Protocol (MCP). However, current MCP implementations face critical limitations: they typically require local…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Arash Ahmadi , Sarah Sharif , Yaser M. Banad

As Model Context Protocol (MCP) introduces an easy-to-use ecosystem for users and developers, it also brings underexplored safety risks. Its decentralized architecture, which separates clients and servers, poses unique challenges for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Huihao Jing , Haoran Li , Wenbin Hu , Qi Hu , Heli Xu , Tianshu Chu , Peizhao Hu , Yangqiu Song

Background: Large language models (LLMs) show promise in medicine, but their deployment in hospitals is limited by restricted access to electronic health record (EHR) systems. The Model Context Protocol (MCP) enables integration between…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Kanato Masayoshi , Masahiro Hashimoto , Ryoichi Yokoyama , Naoki Toda , Yoshifumi Uwamino , Shogo Fukuda , Ho Namkoong , Masahiro Jinzaki

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) enables large language models to invoke external tools through natural-language descriptions, forming the foundation of many AI agent applications. However, MCP does not enforce consistency between…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Zhihao Li , Boyang Ma , Xuelong Dai , Minghui Xu , Yue Zhang , Biwei Yan , Kun Li

Bioinformatics web servers are critical resources in modern biomedical research, facilitating interactive exploration of datasets through custom-built interfaces with rich visualization capabilities. However, this human-centric design…

Other Quantitative Biology · Quantitative Biology 2026-02-25 Matthias Flotho , Ian Ferenc Diks , Philipp Flotho , Leidy-Alejandra G. Molano , Pascal Hirsch , Andreas Keller

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) has emerged as a standardized interface enabling seamless integration between Large Language Models (LLMs) and external data sources and tools. While MCP significantly reduces development complexity and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Bin Wang , Zexin Liu , Hao Yu , Ao Yang , Yenan Huang , Jing Guo , Huangsheng Cheng , Hui Li , Huiyu Wu

We introduce MCP-Bench, a benchmark for evaluating large language models (LLMs) on realistic, multi-step tasks that demand tool use, cross-tool coordination, precise parameter control, and planning/reasoning for solving tasks. Built on the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-29 Zhenting Wang , Qi Chang , Hemani Patel , Shashank Biju , Cheng-En Wu , Quan Liu , Aolin Ding , Alireza Rezazadeh , Ankit Shah , Yujia Bao , Eugene Siow

The Model Context Protocol (MCP), introduced by Anthropic, provides a standardized framework for artificial intelligence (AI) systems to interact with external data sources and tools in real-time. While MCP offers significant advantages for…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-06 Vineeth Sai Narajala , Idan Habler

LLMs' capabilities are enhanced by using function calls to integrate various data sources or API results into the context window. Typical tools include search, web crawlers, maps, financial data, file systems, and browser usage, etc.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Shiqing Fan , Xichen Ding , Liang Zhang , Linjian Mo

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) enables large language models (LLMs) to access external resources on demand. While commonly assumed to enhance performance, how LLMs actually leverage this capability remains poorly understood. We introduce…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Wei Song , Haonan Zhong , Ziqi Ding , Jingling Xue , Yuekang Li

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) has rapidly emerged as a universal standard for connecting AI assistants to external tools and data sources. While MCP simplifies integration between AI applications and various services, it introduces…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Charoes Huang , Xin Huang , Ngoc Phu Tran , Amin Milani Fard