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It is a critical task to evalaute HER2 expression level accurately for breast cancer evaluation and targeted treatment therapy selection. However, the standard multi-step Immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining is resource-intensive, expensive,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Peide Zhu , Linbin Lu , Zhiqin Chen , Xiong Chen

In this paper, we develop a complete pipeline for stain normalization, segmentation, and classification of nuclei in hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained breast cancer histopathology images. In the first step, we use a CNN-based stain…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-11-12 Edwin Yuan , Junkyo Suh

Histological examination is crucial for cancer diagnosis, including hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining for mapping morphology and immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining for revealing chemical information. Recently developed two-color…

Tissues and Organs · Quantitative Biology 2023-09-22 Hongli Ni , Chinmayee Prabhu Dessai , Haonan Lin , Wei Wang , Shaoxiong Chen , Yuhao Yuan , Xiaowei Ge , Jianpeng Ao , Nolan Vild , Ji-Xin Cheng

Histological analysis of tissue samples is one of the most widely used methods for disease diagnosis. After taking a sample from a patient, it goes through a lengthy and laborious preparation, which stains the tissue to visualize different…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-03-05 Yair Rivenson , Hongda Wang , Zhensong Wei , Yibo Zhang , Harun Gunaydin , Aydogan Ozcan

The emergence of virtual staining technology provides a rapid and efficient alternative for researchers in tissue pathology. It enables the utilization of unlabeled microscopic samples to generate virtual replicas of chemically stained…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-01-08 Junjia Wang , Bo Xiong , You Zhou , Xun Cao , Zhan Ma

Computational pathology is a domain that aims to develop algorithms to automatically analyze large digitized histopathology images, called whole slide images (WSI). WSIs are produced scanning thin tissue samples that are stained to make…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-01-20 Niccoló Marini , Manfredo Atzori , Sebastian Otálora , Stephane Marchand-Maillet , Henning Müller

Universal, transferable whole-slide image (WSI) representations are central to computational pathology. Incorporating multiple markers (e.g., immunohistochemistry, IHC) alongside H&E enriches H&E-based features with diverse, biologically…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Yizhi Zhang , Lei Fan , Zhulin Tao , Donglin Di , Yang Song , Sidong Liu , Cong Cong

Three-dimensional (3D) histopathology of unprocessed tissues has the potential to transform disease management by enabling volumetric characterization of tissue microarchitecture and in-vivo assessment. Back-illumination Interference…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Anthony Song , Boyan Zhou , Mayank Golhar , Marisa Morakis , Alex Baras , Nicholas Durr

Spatial transcriptomics (ST) enables gene expression mapping within anatomical context but remains costly and low-throughput. Hematoxylin and eosin (H\&E) staining offers rich morphology yet lacks molecular resolution. We present…

Histopathology image analysis is fundamental to digital pathology, with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining as the gold standard for diagnostic and prognostic assessments. While H&E imaging effectively highlights cellular and tissue…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-18 Yao Du , Jiaxin Zhuang , Xiaoyu Zheng , Jing Cong , Limei Guo , Chao He , Lin Luo , Xiaomeng Li

Expression of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is an important biomarker in breast cancer patients who can benefit from cost-effective automatic Hematoxylin and Eosin (H\&E) HER2 scoring. However, developing such scoring…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-11 Rawan S. Abdulsadig , Bryan M. Williams , Nikolay Burlutskiy

The process of digitising histology slides involves multiple factors that can affect a whole slide image's (WSI) final appearance, including the staining protocol, scanner, and tissue type. This variability constitutes a domain shift and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Manahil Raza , Saad Bashir , Talha Qaiser , Nasir Rajpoot

Staining is essential in cell imaging and medical diagnostics but poses significant challenges, including high cost, time consumption, labor intensity, and irreversible tissue alterations. Recent advances in deep learning have enabled…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Ziwang Xu , Lanqing Guo , Satoshi Tsutsui , Shuyan Zhang , Alex C. Kot , Bihan Wen

We propose a virtual staining methodology based on Generative Adversarial Networks to map histopathology images of breast cancer tissue from H&E stain to PHH3 and vice versa. We use the resulting synthetic images to build Convolutional…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-03-18 Caner Mercan , Germonda Reijnen-Mooij , David Tellez Martin , Johannes Lotz , Nick Weiss , Marcel van Gerven , Francesco Ciompi

The analysis of FFPE tissue sections stained with haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) or immunohistochemistry (IHC) is an essential part of the pathologic assessment of surgically resected breast cancer specimens. IHC staining has been broadly…

The overexpression of the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) in breast cells is a key driver of HER2-positive breast cancer, a highly aggressive subtype requiring precise diagnosis and targeted therapy. Immunohistochemistry…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-10 Sara Rehmat , Hafeez Ur Rehman , Byeong-Gwon Kang , Sarra Ayouni , Yunyoung Nam

The diagnosis of cancer is mainly performed by visual analysis of the pathologists, through examining the morphology of the tissue slices and the spatial arrangement of the cells. If the microscopic image of a specimen is not stained, it…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-02-06 Pegah Salehi , Abdolah Chalechale

The popular use of histopathology images, such as hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), has proven to be useful in detecting tumors. However, moving such cancer cases forward for treatment requires accurate on the amount of the human epidermal…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Olaide N. Oyelade , Oliver Hoxey , Yulia Humrye

Histopathology, particularly hematoxylin and eosin (H\&E) staining, plays a critical role in diagnosing and characterizing pathological conditions by highlighting tissue morphology. However, H\&E-stained images inherently lack molecular…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Qing Wang , Wen-jie Chen , Bo Li , Jing Su , Guangyu Wang , Qianqian Song

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) plays a crucial role in pathology as it detects the over-expression of protein in tissue samples. However, there are still fewer machine learning model studies on IHC's impact on accurate cancer grading. We…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-15 Jun Wang , Yu Mao , Yufei Cui , Nan Guan , Chun Jason Xue