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Recent fine-tuning techniques for diffusion models enable them to reproduce specific image sets, such as particular faces or artistic styles, but also introduce copyright and security risks. Dataset watermarking has been proposed to ensure…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Xincheng Wang , Hanchi Sun , Wenjun Sun , Kejun Xue , Wangqiu Zhou , Jianbo Zhang , Wei Sun , Dandan Zhu , Xiongkuo Min , Jun Jia , Zhijun Fang

Watermarking has emerged as a promising solution to counter harmful or deceptive AI-generated content by embedding hidden identifiers that trace content origins. However, the robustness of current watermarking techniques is still largely…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Xiaodong Wu , Tianyi Tang , Xiangman Li , Jianbing Ni , Yong Yu

We introduce FontCode, an information embedding technique for text documents. Provided a text document with specific fonts, our method embeds user-specified information in the text by perturbing the glyphs of text characters while…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-06-12 Chang Xiao , Cheng Zhang , Changxi Zheng

This paper describes RETVec, an efficient, resilient, and multilingual text vectorizer designed for neural-based text processing. RETVec combines a novel character encoding with an optional small embedding model to embed words into a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-24 Elie Bursztein , Marina Zhang , Owen Vallis , Xinyu Jia , Alexey Kurakin

Potential harms of large language models can be mitigated by watermarking model output, i.e., embedding signals into generated text that are invisible to humans but algorithmically detectable from a short span of tokens. We propose a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-03 John Kirchenbauer , Jonas Geiping , Yuxin Wen , Jonathan Katz , Ian Miers , Tom Goldstein

The rapid advancement of LLMs (Large Language Models) has established them as a foundational technology for many AI and ML-powered human computer interactions. A critical challenge in this context is the attribution of LLM-generated text --…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Jarosław Janas , Paweł Morawiecki , Josef Pieprzyk

The advancement of Large Language Models (LLMs) has led to increasing concerns about the misuse of AI-generated text, and watermarking for LLM-generated text has emerged as a potential solution. However, it is challenging to generate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Yepeng Liu , Yuheng Bu

Text watermarking for large language models (LLMs) enables model owners to verify text origin and protect intellectual property. While watermarking methods for closed-source LLMs are relatively mature, extending them to open-source models…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Jiaqi Xue , Yifei Zhao , Mansour Al Ghanim , Shangqian Gao , Ruimin Sun , Qian Lou , Mengxin Zheng

As valuable digital assets, deep neural networks necessitate robust ownership protection, positioning neural network watermarking (NNW) as a promising solution. Among various NNW approaches, weight-based methods are favored for their…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Yuan Yao , Jin Song , Jian Jin

Generative AI models pose a significant challenge to intellectual property (IP), as they can replicate unique artistic styles and concepts without attribution. While watermarking offers a potential solution, existing methods often fail in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Li Zhang , Shruti Agarwal , John Collomosse , Pengtao Xie , Vishal Asnani

As artificial intelligence surpasses human capabilities in text generation, the necessity to authenticate the origins of AI-generated content has become paramount. Unbiased watermarks offer a powerful solution by embedding statistical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Ruibo Chen , Yihan Wu , Junfeng Guo , Heng Huang

The goal of text spotting is to perform text detection and recognition in an end-to-end manner. Although the diversity of luminosity and orientation in scene texts has been widely studied, the font diversity and shape variance of the same…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-09-01 Xixuan Hao , Aozhong Zhang , Xianze Meng , Bin Fu

Deep learning-based image watermarking commonly adopts an "Encoder-Noise Layer-Decoder" (END) architecture to improve robustness against random channel distortions, yet it often overlooks intentional manipulations introduced by adversaries…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Hanyi Wang , Han Fang , Yupeng Qiu , Shilin Wang , Ee-Chien Chang

Due to the wide distribution and usage of digital media, an important issue is protection of the digital content. There is a number of algorithms and techniques developed for the digital watermarking.In this paper, the invisible image…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2015-02-09 Jelena Music , Ivan Knezevic , Edis Franca

Watermarking has emerged as a pivotal solution for content traceability and intellectual property protection in Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs). However, vision-agnostic watermarks may introduce visually irrelevant tokens and disrupt…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Yue Li , Xin Yi , Dongsheng Shi , Yongyi Cui , Gerard de Melo , Linlin Wang

The advancement in digital technologies have made it possible to produce perfect copies of digital content. In this environment, malicious users reproduce the digital content and share it without compensation to the content owner. Content…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2016-10-11 Sachin Mehta , Balakrishnan Prabhakaran , Rajarathnam Nallusamy , Derrick Newton

Localizing text instances in natural scenes is regarded as a fundamental challenge in computer vision. Nevertheless, owing to the extremely varied aspect ratios and scales of text instances in real scenes, most conventional text detectors…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-12-15 Jingyang Lin , Yingwei Pan , Rongfeng Lai , Xuehang Yang , Hongyang Chao , Ting Yao

Recent advancements in diffusion-based image editing pose a significant threat to the authenticity of digital visual content. Traditional embedding-based watermarking methods often introduce perceptible perturbations to maintain robustness,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Pengzhen Chen , Yanwei Liu , Xiaoyan Gu , Xiaojun Chen , Wu Liu , Weiping Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities, but their training requires extensive data and computational resources, rendering them valuable digital assets. Therefore, it is essential to watermark LLMs to protect…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Shuai Li , Kejiang Chen , Jun Jiang , Jie Zhang , Qiyi Yao , Kai Zeng , Weiming Zhang , Nenghai Yu

Based on the powerful feature extraction ability of deep learning architecture, recently, deep-learning based watermarking algorithms have been widely studied. The basic framework of such algorithm is the auto-encoder like end-to-end…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-08-19 Zhaoyang Jia , Han Fang , Weiming Zhang