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The audio watermarking technique embeds messages into audio and accurately extracts messages from the watermarked audio. Traditional methods develop algorithms based on expert experience to embed watermarks into the time-domain or…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2024-10-01 Pengcheng Li , Xulong Zhang , Jing Xiao , Jianzong Wang

Content watermarking is an important tool for the authentication and copyright protection of digital media. However, it is unclear whether existing watermarks are robust against adversarial attacks. We present the winning solution to the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-29 Fahad Shamshad , Tameem Bakr , Yahia Shaaban , Noor Hussein , Karthik Nandakumar , Nils Lukas

Protecting intellectual property on LLM-generated code necessitates effective watermarking systems that can operate within code's highly structured, syntactically constrained nature. In this work, we introduce CodeTracer, an innovative…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Zhimeng Guo , Huaisheng Zhu , Siyuan Xu , Hangfan Zhang , Teng Xiao , Minhao Cheng

Video watermarking embeds a message into a cover video in an imperceptible manner, which can be retrieved even if the video undergoes certain modifications or distortions. Traditional watermarking methods are often manually designed for…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2021-04-27 Xiyang Luo , Yinxiao Li , Huiwen Chang , Ce Liu , Peyman Milanfar , Feng Yang

This paper introduces a blind watermarking based on a convolutional neural network (CNN). We propose an iterative learning framework to secure robustness of watermarking. One loop of learning process consists of the following three stages:…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2019-03-21 Seung-Min Mun , Seung-Hun Nam , Han-Ul Jang , Dongkyu Kim , Heung-Kyu Lee

Recent advances in generative AI have enabled the creation of highly realistic digital content, raising concerns around authenticity, ownership, and misuse. While watermarking has become an increasingly important mechanism to trace and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-18 Maria Bulychev , Neil G. Marchant , Benjamin I. P. Rubinstein

Multi-bit watermarking has emerged as a promising solution for embedding imperceptible binary messages into Large Language Model (LLM)-generated text, enabling reliable attribution and tracing of malicious usage of LLMs. Despite recent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Jiahao Xu , Rui Hu , Olivera Kotevska , Zikai Zhang

Notwithstanding offering convenience and entertainment to society, Deepfake face swapping has caused critical privacy issues with the rapid development of deep generative models. Due to imperceptible artifacts in high-quality synthetic…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Tianyi Wang , Mengxiao Huang , Harry Cheng , Bin Ma , Yinglong Wang

Generated speech achieves human-level naturalness but escalates security risks of misuse. However, existing watermarking methods fail to reconcile fidelity with robustness, as they rely either on simple superposition in the noise space or…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Weizhi Liu , Yue Li , Zhaoxia Yin

This paper investigates a fundamental yet underexplored question: can watermarked images remain editable without compromising watermark integrity? We propose SafeMark, a framework for watermark-preserving text-guided image manipulation that…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Xiaodong Wu , Qi Li , Xiangman Li , Zelin Zhang , Lingshuang Liu , Jianbing Ni

As large language models (LLMs) become integral to applications such as question answering and content creation, reliable content attribution has become increasingly important. Watermarking is a promising approach, but most existing methods…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Ya Jiang , Massieh Kordi Boroujeny , Surender Suresh Kumar , Kai Zeng

The advances in the Neural Radiance Fields (NeRF) research offer extensive applications in diverse domains, but protecting their copyrights has not yet been researched in depth. Recently, NeRF watermarking has been considered one of the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-15 Youngdong Jang , Dong In Lee , MinHyuk Jang , Jong Wook Kim , Feng Yang , Sangpil Kim

Steganography is an information hiding technique for covert communication. The core issue in steganography design is the rate-distortion coding problem. Polar codes, which have been proven to achieve the rate-distortion bound for any binary…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Yujun Ji , Jinsheng Li , Ling Liu , Qi Cao , Tao Dai

Large Language Models with Chain-of-Thought reasoning capabilities represent valuable intellectual property, yet existing black-box watermarking methods often trade robustness for reasoning fidelity by perturbing final answers or relying on…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Jiacheng Lu , Yiming Li , Tao Song , Weijian Wang , Wenjie Qu , Haibing Guan , Jiaheng Zhang

Deep learning has been achieving top performance in many tasks. Since training of a deep learning model requires a great deal of cost, we need to treat neural network models as valuable intellectual properties. One concern in such a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-01-21 Ryota Namba , Jun Sakuma

Diffusion models have made substantial advances in recent years, enabling high-quality image synthesis; however, the widespread dissemination and reuse of their outputs have introduced new challenges in intellectual property protection and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Yuqi Qian , Yun Cao , Haocheng Fu , Meiyang Lv , Meineng Zhu

Watermarking acts as a critical safeguard in text generated by Large Language Models (LLMs). By embedding identifiable signals into model outputs, watermarking enables reliable attribution and enhances the security of machine-generated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Yukang Lin , Jiahao Shao , Shuoran Jiang , Wentao Zhu , Bingjie Lu , Xiangping Wu , Joanna Siebert , Qingcai Chen

Recent text-to-image diffusion models have significantly improved visual quality and text alignment. However, generating a sequence of images while preserving consistent character identity across diverse scene descriptions remains a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-05 Shin Seong Kim , Minjung Shin , Hyunin Cho , Youngjung Uh

Recent breakthroughs in zero-shot voice synthesis have enabled imitating a speaker's voice using just a few seconds of recording while maintaining a high level of realism. Alongside its potential benefits, this powerful technology…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-01-09 Guangyu Chen , Yu Wu , Shujie Liu , Tao Liu , Xiaoyong Du , Furu Wei

Watermarking has emerged as a crucial technique for detecting and attributing content generated by large language models. While recent advancements have utilized watermark ensembles to enhance robustness, prevailing methods typically…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Ruibo Chen , Yihan Wu , Xuehao Cui , Jingqi Zhang , Heng Huang