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Deep neural networks (DNNs) are often constructed under the closed-world assumption, which may fail to generalize to the out-of-distribution (OOD) data. This leads to DNNs producing overconfident wrong predictions and can result in…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-12-31 Yang Chen , Chih-Li Sung , Arpan Kusari , Xiaoyang Song , Wenbo Sun

The open-world test dataset is often mixed with out-of-distribution (OOD) samples, where the deployed models will struggle to make accurate predictions. Traditional detection methods need to trade off OOD detection and in-distribution (ID)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-25 Xu Shen , Yili Wang , Kaixiong Zhou , Shirui Pan , Xin Wang

Out-of-distribution (OOD) generalization has emerged as a significant challenge in graph recommender systems. Traditional graph neural network algorithms often fail because they learn spurious environmental correlations instead of stable…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Jiahao Liang , Haoran Yang , Xiangyu Zhao , Zhiwen Yu , Mianjie Li , Chuan Shi , Kaixiang Yang

Detecting Out-of-Distribution (OOD) samples in real world visual applications like classification or object detection has become a necessary precondition in today's deployment of Deep Learning systems. Many techniques have been proposed, of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-08-24 Abhishek Joshi , Sathish Chalasani , Kiran Nanjunda Iyer

Most classification and segmentation datasets assume a closed-world scenario in which predictions are expressed as distribution over a predetermined set of visual classes. However, such assumption implies unavoidable and often unnoticeable…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-10-02 Petra Bevandić , Ivan Krešo , Marin Oršić , Siniša Šegvić

Machine learning algorithms typically assume independent and identically distributed samples in training and at test time. Much work has shown that high-performing ML classifiers can degrade significantly and provide overly-confident, wrong…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-03-09 Jie Ren , Jiaming Luo , Yao Zhao , Kundan Krishna , Mohammad Saleh , Balaji Lakshminarayanan , Peter J. Liu

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is crucial for deploying reliable machine learning models in open-world applications. Recent advances in CLIP-based OOD detection have shown promising results via regularizing prompt tuning with OOD…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-07 Geng Yu , Jianing Zhu , Jiangchao Yao , Bo Han

The ability to detect objects that are not prevalent in the training set is a critical capability in many 3D applications, including autonomous driving. Machine learning methods for object recognition often assume that all object categories…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-02 Zizhao Li , Xueyang Kang , Joseph West , Kourosh Khoshelham

Deep neural networks (DNNs), especially convolutional neural networks, have achieved superior performance on image classification tasks. However, such performance is only guaranteed if the input to a trained model is similar to the training…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-01-28 Liang Liang , Linhai Ma , Linchen Qian , Jiasong Chen

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is essential for reliable deployment of machine learning systems in vision, robotics, reinforcement learning, and beyond. We introduce Score-Curvature Out-of-distribution Proximity Evaluator for Diffusion…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Brett Barkley , Preston Culbertson , David Fridovich-Keil

Out-of-Distribution (OOD) detection requires sensitivity to subtle shifts without overreacting to natural In-Distribution (ID) diversity. However, from the viewpoint of detection granularity, global representation inevitably suppress local…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Wenrui Liu , Hong Chang , Ruibing Hou , Shiguang Shan , Xilin Chen

Moving deep learning models from the laboratory setting to the open world entails preparing them to handle unforeseen conditions. In several applications the occurrence of novel classes during deployment poses a significant threat, thus it…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-25 Paolo Rabino , Antonio Alliegro , Francesco Cappio Borlino , Tatiana Tommasi

\noindent Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is essential for the safe deployment of machine learning models. Extensive work has focused on devising various scoring functions for detecting OOD samples, while only a few studies focus on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Yifan Ding , Xixi Liu , Jonas Unger , Gabriel Eilertsen

Deep Learning models perform unreliably when the data comes from a distribution different from the training one. In critical applications such as medical imaging, out-of-distribution (OOD) detection methods help to identify such data…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-06-26 Anton Vasiliuk , Daria Frolova , Mikhail Belyaev , Boris Shirokikh

We present a comprehensive experimental study on pretrained feature extractors for visual out-of-distribution (OOD) detection, focusing on adapting contrastive language-image pretrained (CLIP) models. Without fine-tuning on the training…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-10 Nikolas Adaloglou , Felix Michels , Tim Kaiser , Markus Kollmann

Few-shot Out-of-Distribution (OOD) detection has emerged as a critical research direction in machine learning for practical deployment. Most existing Few-shot OOD detection methods suffer from insufficient generalization capability for the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Pinxuan Li , Bing Cao , Changqing Zhang , Qinghua Hu

To build safe and reliable graph machine learning systems, unsupervised graph-level anomaly detection (GLAD) and unsupervised graph-level out-of-distribution (OOD) detection (GLOD) have received significant attention in recent years. Though…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-07 Yili Wang , Yixin Liu , Xu Shen , Chenyu Li , Kaize Ding , Rui Miao , Ying Wang , Shirui Pan , Xin Wang

Detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) inputs is a central challenge for safely deploying machine learning models in the real world. Existing solutions are mainly driven by small datasets, with low resolution and very few class labels (e.g.,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-05-06 Rui Huang , Yixuan Li

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection seeks to identify samples from unknown classes, a critical capability for deploying machine learning models in open-world scenarios. Recent research has demonstrated that Vision-Language Models (VLMs) can…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Zhikang Xu , Qianqian Xu , Zitai Wang , Cong Hua , Sicong Li , Zhiyong Yang , Qingming Huang

Detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) data has become a critical component in ensuring the safe deployment of machine learning models in the real world. Existing OOD detection approaches primarily rely on the output or feature space for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-12 Rui Huang , Andrew Geng , Yixuan Li