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Ethereum smart contracts are an innovation built on top of the blockchain technology, which provides a platform for automatically executing contracts in an anonymous, distributed, and trusted way. The problem is magnified by the fact that…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-11-07 Jialiang Chang , Bo Gao , Hao Xiao , Jun Sun , Yan Cai , Zijiang Yang

Ethereum smart contracts are public, immutable and distributed and, as such, they are prone to vulnerabilities sourcing from programming mistakes of developers. This paper presents SAFEVM, a verification tool for Ethereum smart contracts…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2019-06-13 Elvira Albert , Jesús Correas , Pablo Gordillo , Guillermo Román-Díez , Albert Rubio

Vulnerabilities of Ethereum smart contracts often cause serious financial damage. Whereas the Solidity compiler has been updated to prevent vulnerabilities, its effectiveness has not been revealed so far, to the best of our knowledge. In…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-06-08 Chihiro Kado , Naoto Yanai , Jason Paul Cruz , Kyosuke Yamashita , Shingo Okamura

With the rapid development of blockchain technology, smart contract security has become a critical challenge. Existing smart contract vulnerability detection methods face three main issues: (1) Insufficient quality of datasets, lacking…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Lei Yu , Shiqi Chen , Hang Yuan , Peng Wang , Zhirong Huang , Jingyuan Zhang , Chenjie Shen , Fengjun Zhang , Li Yang , Jiajia Ma

Many Ethereum smart contracts rely on block attributes such as block.timestamp or blockhash to generate random numbers for applications like lotteries and games. However, these values are predictable and miner-manipulable, creating the Bad…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Hadis Rezaei , Rahim Taheri , Francesco Palmieri

Fixing bugs is easiest by patching source code. However, source code is not always available: only 0.3% of the ~49M smart contracts that are currently deployed on Ethereum have their source code publicly available. Moreover, since contracts…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-07-06 Christof Ferreira Torres , Hugo Jonker , Radu State

With the advent of blockchain technologies, the idea of decentralized applications has gained traction. Smart contracts permit the implementation of application logic to foster distributed systems that are capable of removing…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2019-02-12 Martin Westerkamp

As the Ethereum platform continues to mature and gain widespread usage, it is crucial to maintain high standards of smart contract writing practices. While bad practices in smart contracts may not directly lead to security issues, they do…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Zongwei Li , Xiaoqi Li , Wenkai Li , Xin Wang

Ethereum is a permissionless blockchain ecosystem that supports execution of smart contracts, the key enablers of decentralized finance (DeFi) and non-fungible tokens (NFT). However, the expressiveness of Ethereum smart contracts is a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-01-24 Nikolay Ivanov , Qiben Yan , Anurag Kompalli

Blockchain smart contracts have catalyzed the development of decentralized applications across various domains, including decentralized finance. However, due to constraints in computational resources and the prevalence of data silos,…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-12-09 Youquan Xian , Xueying Zeng , Duancheng Xuan , Danping Yang , Chunpei Li , Peng Fan , Peng Liu

With the development of blockchain technologies, the number of smart contracts deployed on blockchain platforms is growing exponentially, which makes it difficult for users to find desired services by manual screening. The automatic…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-06-30 Chaochen Shi , Yong Xiang , Robin Ram Mohan Doss , Jiangshan Yu , Keshav Sood , Longxiang Gao

Adversarial smart contracts, mostly on EVM-compatible chains like Ethereum and BSC, are deployed as EVM bytecode to exploit vulnerable smart contracts for financial gain. Detecting such malicious contracts at the time of deployment is an…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Yating Liu , Xing Su , Hao Wu , Sijin Li , Yuxi Cheng , Fengyuan Xu , Sheng Zhong

Modern blockchain, such as Ethereum, supports the deployment and execution of so-called smart contracts, autonomous digital programs with significant value of cryptocurrency. Executing smart contracts requires gas costs paid by users, which…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Majd Soud , Waltteri Nuutinen , Grischa Liebel

Over the last few years, there has been substantial research on automated analysis, testing, and debugging of Ethereum smart contracts. However, it is not trivial to compare and reproduce that research. To address this, we present…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-07-13 João F. Ferreira , Pedro Cruz , Thomas Durieux , Rui Abreu

This paper presents VulnSense framework, a comprehensive approach to efficiently detect vulnerabilities in Ethereum smart contracts using a multimodal learning approach on graph-based and natural language processing (NLP) models. Our…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-09-18 Phan The Duy , Nghi Hoang Khoa , Nguyen Huu Quyen , Le Cong Trinh , Vu Trung Kien , Trinh Minh Hoang , Van-Hau Pham

Smart contracts on public blockchains now manage large amounts of value, and vulnerabilities in these systems can lead to substantial losses. As AI agents become more capable at reading, writing, and running code, it is natural to ask how…

The Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) is a decentralized computing engine. It enables the Ethereum blockchain to execute smart contracts and decentralized applications (dApps). The increasing adoption of Ethereum sparked the rise of phishing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-25 Pasquale De Rosa , Simon Queyrut , Yérom-David Bromberg , Pascal Felber , Valerio Schiavoni

Smart contract, one of the most successful applications of blockchain, is taking the world by storm, playing an essential role in the blockchain ecosystem. However, frequent smart contract security incidents not only result in tremendous…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-09-14 Peng Qian , Zhenguang Liu , Qinming He , Butian Huang , Duanzheng Tian , Xun Wang

Smart contracts are programs that execute inside blockchains such as Ethereum to manipulate digital assets. Since bugs in smart contracts may lead to substantial financial losses, there is considerable interest in formally proving their…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2021-09-10 Christian Bräm , Marco Eilers , Peter Müller , Robin Sierra , Alexander J. Summers

Poorly designed smart contracts are particularly vulnerable, as they may allow attackers to exploit weaknesses and steal the virtual currency they manage. In this study, we train a model using unsupervised learning to identify…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Hong-Sheng Huang , Jen-Yi Ho , Hao-Wen Chen , Hung-Min Sun