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Smart contracts written in Solidity are programs used in blockchain networks, such as Etherium, for performing transactions. However, as with any piece of software, they are prone to errors and may present vulnerabilities, which malicious…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2021-11-29 Kunjian Song , Nedas Matulevicius , Eddie B. de Lima Filho , Lucas C. Cordeiro

In the blockchain-based, distributed computing platform Ethereum, programs called smart contracts are compiled to bytecode and executed on the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM). Executing EVM bytecode is subject to monetary fees---a clear…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2020-05-13 Julian Nagele , Maria A Schett

As the Ethereum platform continues to mature and gain widespread usage, it is crucial to maintain high standards of smart contract writing practices. While bad practices in smart contracts may not directly lead to security issues, they…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Xiaoqi Li , Zongwei Li , Wenkai Li , Yuqing Zhang , Xin Wang

The Ethereum platform supports the decentralized execution of smart contracts, i.e. computer programs that transfer digital assets between users. The most common language used to develop these contracts is Solidity, a Javascript-like…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2019-08-08 Massimo Bartoletti , Letterio Galletta , Maurizio Murgia

Ethereum has officially provided a set of system-level cryptographic APIs to enhance smart contracts with cryptographic capabilities. These APIs have been utilized in over 10% of Ethereum transactions, motivating developers to implement…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-08-12 Jiashuo Zhang , Yiming Shen , Jiachi Chen , Jianzhong Su , Yanlin Wang , Ting Chen , Jianbo Gao , Zhong Chen

Smart contracts are self-executing programs that run on blockchains (e.g., Ethereum). 680 million US dollars worth of digital assets controlled by smart contracts have been hacked or stolen due to various security vulnerabilities in 2021.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-04-26 Tanusree Sharma , Zhixuan Zhou , Andrew Miller , Yang Wang

When blockchain systems are said to be trustless, what this really means is that all the trust is put into software. Thus, there are strong incentives to ensure blockchain software is correct -- vulnerabilities here cost millions and break…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Jan Corazza , Ivan Gavran , Gabriela Moreira , Daniel Neider

Smart contracts are blockchain programs that often handle valuable assets. Writing secure smart contracts is far from trivial, and any vulnerability may lead to significant financial losses. To support developers in identifying and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-06-09 Monika di Angelo , Thomas Durieux , João F. Ferreira , Gernot Salzer

Efficiency is a fundamental property of any type of program, but it is even more so in the context of the programs executing on the blockchain (known as smart contracts). This is because optimizing smart contracts has direct consequences on…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2023-01-13 Elvira Albert , Jesús Correas , Pablo Gordillo , Guillermo Román-Díez , Albert Rubio

Blockchain technology offers a promising foundation for modernizing E-Voting systems by enhancing transparency, decentralization, and security. Yet, real-world adoption remains limited due to persistent challenges such as scalability…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Kiana Kiashemshaki , Elvis Nnaemeka Chukwuani , Mohammad Jalili Torkamani , Negin Mahmoudi

Ethereum has become a widely used platform to enable secure, Blockchain-based financial and business transactions. However, a major concern in Ethereum is the security of its smart contracts. Many identified bugs and vulnerabilities in…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-05-21 Zhipeng Gao , Vinoj Jayasundara , Lingxiao Jiang , Xin Xia , David Lo , John Grundy

An important problem in smart contract security is understanding the likelihood and criticality of discovered, or potential, weaknesses in contracts. In this paper we provide a summary of Ethereum smart contract audits performed for 23…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-01-13 Alex Groce , Josselin Feist , Gustavo Grieco , Michael Colburn

Smart contracts play a vital role in the Ethereum ecosystem. Due to the prevalence of kinds of security issues in smart contracts, the smart contract verification is urgently needed, which is the process of matching a smart contract's…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-07-04 Pengxiang Ma , Ningyu He , Yuhua Huang , Haoyu Wang , Xiapu Luo

Ethereum Smart Contracts based on Blockchain Technology (BT) enables monetary transactions among peers on a blockchain network independent of a central authorizing agency. Ethereum Smart Contracts are programs that are deployed as…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-03-03 Noama Fatima Samreen , Manar H. Alalfi

Ethereum Smart Contracts based on Blockchain Technology (BT)enables monetary transactions among peers on a blockchain network independent of a central authorizing agency. Ethereum smart contracts are programs that are deployed as…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-05-17 Noama Fatima Samreen , Manar H. Alalfi

Large language models (LLMs) excel at generating code from natural language instructions, yet they often lack an understanding of security vulnerabilities. This limitation makes it difficult for LLMs to avoid security risks in generated…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-08 Lingxiang Wang , Hainan Zhang , Qinnan Zhang , Ziwei Wang , Hongwei Zheng , Jin Dong , Zhiming Zheng

Smart contract vulnerabilities caused significant economic losses in blockchain applications. Large Language Models (LLMs) provide new possibilities for addressing this time-consuming task. However, state-of-the-art LLM-based detection…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-14 ZeKe Xiao , Qin Wang , Hammond Pearce , Shiping Chen

Large language models (LLMs) have been widely adopted in modern software development lifecycles, where they are increasingly used to automate and assist code generation, significantly improving developer productivity and reducing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Hoang Long Do , Nasrin Sohrabi , Muneeb Ul Hassan

Ethereum smart contracts are executable programs, deployed on a peer-to-peer network and executed in a consensus-based fashion. Their bytecode is public, immutable and once deployed to the blockchain, cannot be patched anymore. As smart…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-07-10 Konrad Weiss , Julian Schütte

Smart contracts are self-executing programs on a blockchain to ensure immutable and transparent agreements without the involvement of intermediaries. Despite the growing popularity of smart contracts for many blockchain platforms like…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-03-27 Taeyoung Kim , Yunhee Jang , Chanjong Lee , Hyungjoon Koo , Hyoungshick Kim