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In this work, we propose and analyse two splitting algorithms for finding a zero of the sum of three monotone operators, one of which is assumed to be Lipschitz continuous. Each iteration of these algorithms require one forward evaluation…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-01-22 Janosch Rieger , Matthew K. Tam

The Collatz conjecture can be stated in terms of the reduced Collatz function R(x) = (3x+1)/2^m (where 2^m is the larger power of 2 that divides 3x+1). The conjecture is: Starting from any odd positive integer and repeating R(x) we…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2017-03-14 Livio Colussi

The document tries to put focus on sequences with certain properties and periods leading to the first value smaller than the starting value in the Collatz problem. With the idea that, if all starting numbers lead ultimately to a smaller…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2025-02-14 J. Stöckl

We intend to contribute to the Collatz dynamics problem by seeking to analyze the Collatz conjecture from the tree of numbers sequences. First, we show numerically that the distribution of odd numbers has an initial transient, and proceeds…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2023-05-26 Eduardo M. K. Souza

In the paper, from the point of view of recurrent numbers of the Jacobsthal type, the Collatz problem with the general aq+-1 function of conjecture odd positive integers q from the set of natural numbers is investigated. Formulated…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2023-08-08 Petro Kosobutskyy

This work represents an in-depth study of the structural behavior of the Collatz sequences. We consider a finite arithmetic progression with a common difference is 2 and the number of terms in the sequence is equal to 2^n . After, we…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2021-04-26 Raouf Rajab

We developed an algorithm that easily goes from one odd number to the next odd number in binary representation for the reduced forward Collatz map (Syracuse function). The algorithm indicates when an odd number can grow or shrink to the…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2023-01-19 Richard Kaufman

A new mathematical notation is proposed for the iteration of functions. It facilitates the application of the iteration of functions in mathematical and logical expressions, definitions of sets, and formulations of algorithms. Illustrations…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2012-07-03 Valerii Salov

We reduce the Collatz conjecture to a fixed-modulus, one-bit orbit-mixing problem. Working with the compressed odd-to-odd Collatz map, we prove exact low-depth decomposition formulas at depths K = 3, 4, 5, reducing block-discrepancy terms…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2026-03-30 Edward Y. Chang

In this paper, we investigate a class of nonconvex and nonsmooth fractional programming problems, where the numerator composed of two parts: a convex, nonsmooth function and a differentiable, nonconvex function, and the denominator consists…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-03-18 Deren Han , Min Tao , Zihao Xia

We give a short proof of Belaga's result on bounds to perigees of $(3x+d)$-cycles of a given oddlength. We also reformulate the Collatz cycle conjecture which is rather a algorithmic problem into a purely arithmetic problem.

Number Theory · Mathematics 2014-09-23 Masayoshi Kaneda

A block decomposition method is proposed for minimizing a (possibly non-convex) continuously differentiable function subject to one linear equality constraint and simple bounds on the variables. The proposed method iteratively selects a…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-03-06 Andrea Cristofari

In this article, we reduce the unsolved problem of convergence of Collatz sequences to convergence of Collatz sequences of odd numbers that are divisible by 3. We give an elementary proof of the fact that a Collatz sequence does not…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2015-10-06 Maya Mohsin Ahmed

It is shown how to define difference operators and equations on particular lattices $\{x_n\}$, $2n\in\mathbb{Z}$, such that the divided difference operator $(\mathcal{D}f)(x_{n+1/2})= (f(x_{n+1})-f(x_n))/(x_{n+1}-x_n)$ has the property that…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2025-10-28 Alphonse P. Magnus

A recent innovation in projective splitting algorithms for monotone operator inclusions has been the development of a procedure using two forward steps instead of the customary proximal steps for operators that are Lipschitz continuous.…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-02-19 Patrick R. Johnstone , Jonathan Eckstein

The Collatz map is defined for a positive even integer as half that integer, and for a positive odd integer as that integer threefold, plus one. The Collatz conjecture states that when the map is iterated the number one is eventually…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2015-01-19 Michael Albert , Bjarki Gudmundsson , Henning Ulfarsson

Exploring the Collatz Conjecture and changing the expression from 3n + 1 to 5n + 1, we found patterns in different sets of numbers. Some numbers reduce to one (as stated in the Collatz Conjecture), some might escape to infinity, and some…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2023-05-03 Shouvik Ahmed Antu , Raina Shrimali , Miranda Jones

We prove a new equidistribution estimate for the divisor function in arithmetic progression to moduli that have two small factors. We give two applications. First, we show an asymptotic formula for the divisor function over arithmetic…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2025-09-05 Lasse Grimmelt , Jori Merikoski

The Collatz graph is a directed graph with natural number nodes and where there is an edge from node $x$ to node $T(x)=T_0(x)=x/2$ if $x$ is even, or to node $T(x)=T_1(x)=\frac{3x+1}{2}$ if $x$ is odd. Studying the Collatz graph in binary…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2020-08-31 Tristan Stérin

A mapping conjugate to the Collatz mapping seems to imply that $\N=\{1,2,3,\ldots\}$ is partitioned in a trivial loop $\{1\}$ and `strings' that are ordered subsets of $\{\N \setminus 1\}$ that run from an element of $\{2+3\0\}$ to an…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2019-08-06 Maarten J. Wensink