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The celebrated $3x+1$ problem is reformulated via the use of an analytic expression of the trailing zeros sequence resulting in a single branch formula $f(x)+1$ with a unique fixed point. The resultant formula $f(x)$ is also found to…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2024-08-05 T. Raptis

The Collatz conjecture is one of the easiest mathematical problems to state and yet it remains unsolved. For each $n\ge 2$ the Collatz iteration is mapped to a binary sequence and a corresponding unique integer which can recreate the…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2019-01-04 George M. Georgiou

Considering all possible paths that a natural number can take following the rules of the algorithm proposed in the Collatz conjecture we construct a graph that can be interpreted as an infinite network that contemplates all possible paths…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2021-05-11 Tobias Canavesi

We investigate the problems related to the Collatz map $T$ from the point of view of functional analysis. We associate with $T$ certain linear operator $\mathcal{T}$ and show that cycles and (hypothetical) diverging trajectory (generated by…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2022-06-02 Mikhail Neklyudov

Taking a new approach towards analyzing the Collatz Problem, or, 3x+1 conjecture. Introducing some new functions, the Collatz-2 and Collatz-3 sequences, as well as deducing results related to Collatz-2 and Collatz-3 sequences.

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2008-04-24 Roupam Ghosh

Let an odd integer \(\mathcal{X}\) be expressed as $\left\{\sum\limits_{M > m}b_M2^M\right\}+2^m-1,$ where $b_M\in\{0,1\}$ and $2^m-1$ is referred to as the Governor. In Collatz-type functions, a high index Governor is eventually reduced to…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2024-09-13 Gaurav Goyal

An attempt to come closer to a resolution of the Collatz conjecture is presented. The central idea is the formation of a tree consisting of positive odd numbers with number 1 as root. Functions for generating the tree from the root are…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2018-08-20 Kerstin Andersson

We here elaborate on a quantitative argument to support the validity of the Collatz conjecture, also known as the (3x + 1) or Syracuse conjecture. The analysis is structured as follows. First, three distinct fixed points are found for the…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2016-12-28 Timoteo Carletti , Duccio Fanelli

Repeatedly adding or subtracting the digital reversal to or from an integer, depending on which one is larger, can be treated as a dynamical system. On one hand, a three-digit version of this map running only two steps is the 1089…

Chaotic Dynamics · Physics 2026-03-16 Yannis Almirantis , Wentian Li

The Collatz conjecture, which posits that any positive integer will eventually reach 1 through a specific iterative process, is a classic unsolved problem in mathematics. This research focuses on designing an efficient algorithm to compute…

Mathematical Software · Computer Science 2025-07-02 Eyob Solomon Getachew , Beakal Gizachew Assefa

In this paper, we discuss the well known 3x+1 conjecture in form of the accelerated Collatz function T defined on the positive odd integers. We present a sequence of quotient spaces and an invertible map that are intrinsically related to…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2016-07-26 Peter Hellekalek

This paper studies the proof of Collatz conjecture for some set of sequence of odd numbers with infinite number of elements. These set generalized to the set which contains all positive odd integers. This extension assumed to be the proof…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2021-10-14 Dagnachew Jenber

The one way function based on the Collatz problem is proposed. It is based on the problem's conditional branching structure which is not considered as important even the 3x+1 question is quite famous. The analysis shows why the problem is…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2018-07-27 Rade Vuckovac

The Collatz Conjecture (also known as the 3x+1 Problem) proposes that the following algorithm will, after a certain number of iterations, always yield the number 1: given a natural number, multiply by three and add one if the number is odd,…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2020-01-28 Matt Hohertz , Bahman Kalantari

We propose an exact iterative algorithm for minimization of a class of continuous cell-wise linear convex functions on a hyperplane arrangement. Our particular setup is motivated by evaluation of so-called rank estimators used in robust…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-01-01 Michal Černý , Milan Hladík , Miroslav Rada

In this work we discuss the elements required for the construction of the operator algebra for the space of paths over a simply laced $SU(3)$ graph. These operators are an important step in the construction of the bialgebra required to find…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2015-02-12 Jesús A. Pineda , Esteban Isasi , Mario I. Caicedo

The forward-backward operator splitting algorithm is one of the most important methods for solving the optimization problem of the sum of two convex functions, where one is differentiable with a Lipschitz continuous gradient and the other…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-08-30 Yu-Chao Tang , Guo-Rong Wu , Chuan-Xi Zhu

Simplex gradients are an essential feature of many derivative free optimization algorithms, and can be employed, for example, as part of the process of defining a direction of search, or as part of a termination criterion. The calculation…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-07-26 Ian Coope , Rachael Tappenden

This work presents a new three-operator splitting method to handle monotone inclusion and convex optimization problems. The proposed splitting serves as another natural extension of the Douglas-Rachford splitting technique to problems…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-10-03 Anshika Anshika , Jiaxing Li , Debdas Ghosh , Xiangxiong Zhang

For a graph (undirected, directed, or mixed), a cycle-factor is a collection of vertex-disjoint cycles covering the entire vertex set. Cycle-factors subject to parity constraints arise naturally in the study of structural graph theory and…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Florian Hörsch , Csaba Király , Mirabel Mendoza-Cadena , Gyula Pap , Eszter Szabó , Yutaro Yamaguchi