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Fidelity is one of the most valuable and commonly used metrics for assessing the performance of quantum circuits on error-prone quantum processors. Several approaches have been proposed to estimate circuit fidelity without executing it on…

With experimental quantum computing technologies now in their infancy, the search for efficient means of testing the correctness of these quantum computations is becoming more pressing. An approach to the verification of quantum computation…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-04-18 Alexandru Gheorghiu , Matty J. Hoban , Elham Kashefi

We present a verifier of quantum programs called AutoQ 2.0. Quantum programs extend quantum circuits (the domain of AutoQ 1.0) by classical control flow constructs, which enable users to describe advanced quantum algorithms in a formal and…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Yu-Fang Chen , Kai-Min Chung , Min-Hsiu Hsieh , Wei-Jia Huang , Ondřej Lengál , Jyun-Ao Lin , Wei-Lun Tsai

As quantum computing is rising in popularity, the amount of quantum programs and the number of developers writing them are increasing rapidly. Unfortunately, writing correct quantum programs is challenging due to various subtle rules…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-05-17 Matteo Paltenghi , Michael Pradel

Quantum error correction is necessary to perform large-scale quantum computations in the presence of noise and decoherence. As a result, several aspects of quantum error correction have already been explored. These have been primarily…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-08-05 Ariel Shlosberg , Anthony M. Polloreno , Graeme Smith

Quantum computing has proven to be capable of accelerating many algorithms by performing tasks that classical computers cannot. Currently, Noisy Intermediate Scale Quantum (NISQ) machines struggle from scalability and noise issues to render…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2023-09-20 Chao Lu , Navnil Choudhury , Utsav Banerjee , Abdullah Ash Saki , Kanad Basu

Quantum computation holds the promise of solving certain complex problems exponentially faster than classical computers. However, the high prevalent noise in current quantum devices impedes the accurate execution of even basic algorithms.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-13 Prithviraj Prabhu

Quantum computing has existed in the theoretical realm for several decades. Recently, quantum computing has re-emerged as a promising technology to solve problems that a classical computer could take hundreds of years to solve. However,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-10-14 Neilson Carlos Leite Ramalho , Higor Amario de Souza , Marcos Lordello Chaim

Fault-tolerant quantum computation critically depends on architectures uniting high encoding rates with physical implementability. Quantum low-density parity-check (qLDPC) codes, including bivariate bicycle (BB) codes, achieve dramatic…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-24 Yingli Yang , Guo Zhang , Ying Li

As the width and depth of quantum circuits implemented by state-of-the-art quantum processors rapidly increase, circuit analysis and assessment via classical simulation are becoming unfeasible. It is crucial, therefore, to develop new…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-02-15 Fernando A. Calderon-Vargas , Timothy Proctor , Kenneth Rudinger , Mohan Sarovar

Quantum computing in the Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) era presents significant challenges in differentiating quantum software bugs from hardware noise. Traditional debugging techniques from classical software engineering cannot…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Ahmik Virani , Devraj , Anirudh Suresh , Lei Zhang , M V Panduranga Rao

We present a low-cost protocol for benchmarking applications on generic quantum hardware in the circuit model. Using families of Clifford circuits which mimic the application circuit structure, we are able to predict how measured…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-19 Joseph Harris , Peter K. Schuhmacher

With gate error rates in multiple technologies now below the threshold required for fault-tolerant quantum computation, the major remaining obstacle to useful quantum computation is scaling, a challenge greatly amplified by the huge…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-12-09 Kianna Wan , Soonwon Choi , Isaac H. Kim , Noah Shutty , Patrick Hayden

Quantum processing units (QPUs) are highly heterogeneous in terms of physical qubit performance. To add even more complexity, drift in quantum noise landscapes has been well-documented. This makes resource allocation a challenging problem…

As progress on experimental quantum processors continues to advance, the problem of verifying the correct operation of such devices is becoming a pressing concern. The recent discovery of protocols for verifying computation performed by…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-12-03 Michal Hajdušek , Carlos A. Pérez-Delgado , Joseph F. Fitzsimons

Reasoning about quantum programs remains a fundamental challenge, regardless of the programming model or computational paradigm. Despite extensive research, existing verification techniques are insufficient -- even for quantum circuits, a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-16 Nengkun Yu , Jens Palsberg , Thomas Reps

Quantum systems, in general, output data that cannot be simulated efficiently by a classical computer, and hence is useful for solving certain mathematical problems and simulating quantum many-body systems. This also implies, unfortunately,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-10-04 Keisuke Fujii , Masahito Hayashi

When a bug is detected by testing a quantum program on a quantum computer, we want to determine its location to fix it. To locate the bug, the quantum program is divided into several segments, and each segment is tested. However, to prepare…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-10-01 Naoto Sato , Ryota Katsube

When a bug is detected by testing a quantum program on a quantum computer, we want to determine its location to fix it. To locate the bug, the quantum program is divided into several segments, and each segment is tested. However, to prepare…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-01-17 Naoto Sato , Ryota Katsube

A quantum computer -- i.e., a computer capable of manipulating data in quantum superposition -- would find applications including factoring, quantum simulation and tests of basic quantum theory. Since quantum superpositions are fragile, the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Ben W. Reichardt