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In medical settings, treatment assignment may be determined by a clinically important covariate that predicts patients' risk of event. There is a class of methods from the social science literature known as regression discontinuity (RD)…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-08-13 Youngjoo Cho , Chen Hu , Debashis Ghosh

Fr\'echet regression extends the principles of linear regression to accommodate responses valued in generic metric spaces. While this approach has primarily focused on exploring relationships between Euclidean predictors and non-Euclidean…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2026-02-25 Chang Jun Im , Jeong Min Jeon

Boundary discontinuity designs are used to learn about causal treatment effects along a continuous assignment boundary that splits units into control and treatment groups according to a bivariate location score. We analyze location-based…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-05-15 Matias D. Cattaneo , Rocio Titiunik , Ruiqi Rae Yu

Quasi-experimental research designs, such as regression discontinuity and interrupted time series, allow for causal inference in the absence of a randomized controlled trial, at the cost of additional assumptions. In this paper, we provide…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-12-15 Max Hinne , David Leeftink , Marcel A. J. van Gerven , Luca Ambrogioni

Many empirical examples of regression discontinuity (RD) designs concern a continuous treatment variable, but the theoretical aspects of such models are less studied. This study examines the identification and estimation of the structural…

Econometrics · Economics 2022-07-19 Haitian Xie

We present a novel approach for extrapolating causal effects away from the margin between treatment and non-treatment in sharp regression discontinuity designs with multiple covariates. Our methods apply both to settings in which treatment…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-07-02 Ben Deaner , Soonwoo Kwon

We introduce a geodesic synthetic control method for causal inference that extends existing synthetic control methods to scenarios where outcomes are elements in a geodesic metric space rather than scalars. Examples of such outcomes include…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-11-04 Daisuke Kurisu , Yidong Zhou , Taisuke Otsu , Hans-Georg Müller

Regression discontinuity designs (RDD) are widely used for causal inference. In many empirical applications, treatment effects vary substantially with covariates, and ignoring such heterogeneity can lead to misleading conclusions, which…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-05 Daisuke Kondo , Shonosuke Sugasawa

We extend the regression discontinuity (RD) design to settings where each unit's treatment status is an average or aggregate across multiple discontinuity events. Such situations arise in many studies where the outcome is measured at a…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-01-03 Kirill Borusyak , Matan Kolerman-Shemer

We study regression discontinuity designs when covariates are included in the estimation. We examine local polynomial estimators that include discrete or continuous covariates in an additive separable way, but without imposing any…

Econometrics · Economics 2019-07-02 Sebastian Calonico , Matias D. Cattaneo , Max H. Farrell , Rocio Titiunik

The Regression Discontinuity (RD) design is a widely used non-experimental method for causal inference and program evaluation. While its canonical formulation only requires a score and an outcome variable, it is common in empirical work to…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-08-25 Matias D. Cattaneo , Luke Keele , Rocio Titiunik

RDD (Regression discontinuity design) is a widely used framework for identifying and estimating causal effects at the cutoff of a single running variable. In practice, however, decision-making often involves multiple thresholds and…

Regression discontinuity designs are widely used when treatment assignment is determined by whether a running variable exceeds a predefined threshold. However, most research focuses on estimating local causal effects at the threshold,…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-01-06 Xinqin Feng , Wenjie Hu , Pu Yang , Tingyu Li , Xiao-Hua Zhou

Canonical RD designs yield credible local estimates of the treatment effect at the cutoff under mild continuity assumptions, but they fail to identify treatment effects away from the cutoff without additional assumptions. The fundamental…

Econometrics · Economics 2023-12-01 Yiwei Sun

Regression discontinuity designs are frequently used to estimate the causal effect of election outcomes and policy interventions. In these contexts, treatment effects are typically estimated with covariates included to improve efficiency.…

Applications · Statistics 2020-05-06 L. Jason Anastasopoulos

Advancements in modern science have led to the increasing availability of non-Euclidean data in metric spaces. This paper addresses the challenge of modeling relationships between non-Euclidean responses and multivariate Euclidean…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-05-13 Su I Iao , Yidong Zhou , Hans-Georg Müller

Regression discontinuity designs are extensively used for causal inference in observational studies. However, they are usually confined to settings with simple treatment rules, determined by a single running variable, with a single cutoff.…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-02-10 Juan D. Diaz , Jose R. Zubizarreta

In non-experimental settings, the Regression Discontinuity (RD) design is one of the most credible identification strategies for program evaluation and causal inference. However, RD treatment effect estimands are necessarily local, making…

Econometrics · Economics 2020-04-02 Matias D. Cattaneo , Luke Keele , Rocio Titiunik , Gonzalo Vazquez-Bare

Boundary Discontinuity (BD) designs are used in empirical research to learn about causal treatment effects along a continuous assignment boundary defined by a bivariate score. These designs are also known as multi-score regression…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-29 Matias D. Cattaneo , Rocio Titiunik , Ruiqi Rae Yu

We present a novel framework for variable selection in Fr\'echet regression with responses in general metric spaces, a setting increasingly relevant for analyzing non-Euclidean data such as probability distributions and covariance matrices.…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2025-09-18 Haoyi Yang , Satarupa Bhattacharjee , Lingzhou Xue , Bing Li