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Benchmarks are the primary tool for assessing progress in artificial intelligence (AI), yet current practice evaluates models on isolated test suites and provides little guidance for reasoning about generality or autonomous…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-05 Przemyslaw Chojecki

LLM agents now perform strongly in software engineering, deep research, GUI automation, and various other applications, while recent agent scaffolds and models are increasingly integrating these capabilities into unified systems. Yet, most…

Graphical User Interface (GUI) agents extend large language models from text generation to action execution in real-world digital environments. Unlike conversational systems, GUI agents perform irreversible operations such as submitting…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Yucheng Shi , Wenhao Yu , Jingyuan Huang , Wenlin Yao , Wenhu Chen , Ninghao Liu

Recently, there has been a surge of vision-based GUI agents designed to automate everyday mobile and web tasks. These agents interpret raw GUI screenshots and autonomously decide where to click, scroll, or type, which bypasses handcrafted…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Yucheng Shi , Wenhao Yu , Zaitang Li , Yonglin Wang , Hongming Zhang , Ninghao Liu , Haitao Mi , Dong Yu

The performance and generalization of foundation models for interactive systems critically depend on the availability of large-scale, realistic training data. While recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have improved GUI…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Sofiya Garkot , Maksym Shamrai , Ivan Synytsia , Mariya Hirna

The rapid development of large language and multimodal models has sparked significant interest in using proprietary models, such as GPT-4o, to develop autonomous agents capable of handling real-world scenarios like web navigation. Although…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Hongliang He , Wenlin Yao , Kaixin Ma , Wenhao Yu , Hongming Zhang , Tianqing Fang , Zhenzhong Lan , Dong Yu

As agentic AI systems increasingly operate autonomously, establishing trust through verifiable evaluation becomes critical. Yet existing benchmarks lack the transparency and auditability needed to assess whether agents behave reliably. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Hyunjun Kim , Sooyoung Ryu

Computer-Use Agents (CUA) are becoming increasingly capable of autonomously operating digital environments through Graphical User Interfaces (GUI). Yet, most GUI remain designed primarily for humans--prioritizing aesthetics and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Kevin Qinghong Lin , Siyuan Hu , Linjie Li , Zhengyuan Yang , Lijuan Wang , Philip Torr , Mike Zheng Shou

Pursuing human-like interaction for Graphical User Interface (GUI) agents requires understanding the GUI context and following user instructions. However, existing works typically couple these two aspects and focus more on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-13 Huawen Shen , Chang Liu , Gengluo Li , Xinlong Wang , Yu Zhou , Can Ma , Xiangyang Ji

The paper introduces GUI-Owl-1.5, the latest native GUI agent model that features instruct/thinking variants in multiple sizes (2B/4B/8B/32B/235B) and supports a range of platforms (desktop, mobile, browser, and more) to enable cloud-edge…

Benchmarks are essential for quantitatively tracking progress in AI. As AI agents become increasingly capable, researchers and practitioners have introduced agentic benchmarks to evaluate agents on complex, real-world tasks. These…

Computer-use agents face a fundamental limitation. They rely exclusively on primitive GUI actions (click, type, scroll), creating brittle execution chains prone to cascading failures. While API-driven agents harness rich capabilities…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Yuhao Yang , Zhen Yang , Zi-Yi Dou , Anh Nguyen , Keen You , Omar Attia , Andrew Szot , Michael Feng , Ram Ramrakhya , Alexander Toshev , Chao Huang , Yinfei Yang , Zhe Gan

Recently, mobile AI agents have gained increasing attention. Given a task, mobile AI agents can interact with mobile devices in multiple steps and finally form a GUI flow that solves the task. However, existing agents tend to focus on most…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-06 Qinzhuo Wu , Wei Liu , Jian Luan , Bin Wang

While much work on web agents emphasizes the promise of autonomously performing tasks on behalf of users, in reality, agents often fall short on complex tasks in real-world contexts and modeling user preference. This presents an opportunity…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Faria Huq , Zora Zhiruo Wang , Frank F. Xu , Tianyue Ou , Shuyan Zhou , Jeffrey P. Bigham , Graham Neubig

Graphical User Interface (GUI) agents have made significant progress in automating digital tasks through the utilization of computer vision and language models. Nevertheless, existing agent systems encounter notable limitations. Firstly,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Jinjie Wei , Jiyao Liu , Lihao Liu , Ming Hu , Junzhi Ning , Mingcheng Li , Weijie Yin , Junjun He , Xiao Liang , Chao Feng , Dingkang Yang

Existing web agent benchmarks have largely converged on short, single-site tasks that frontier models are approaching saturation on. However, real world web use consists of long-horizon, multi-site workflows. Common web navigation tasks,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Lawrence Keunho Jang , Jing Yu Koh , Daniel Fried , Ruslan Salakhutdinov

Interactive agent benchmarks face a tension between scalable construction and realistic workflow evaluation. Hand-authored tasks are expensive to extend and revise, while static prompt evaluation misses failures that only appear when agents…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Yuxiang Lai , Peng Xia , Haonian Ji , Kaiwen Xiong , Kaide Zeng , Jiaqi Liu , Fang Wu , Jike Zhong , Zeyu Zheng , Cihang Xie , Huaxiu Yao

Web agents, like OpenAI's Operator and Google's Project Mariner, are powerful agentic systems pushing the boundaries of Large Language Models (LLM). They can autonomously interact with the internet at the user's behest, such as navigating…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Lars Krupp , Daniel Geißler , Vishal Banwari , Paul Lukowicz , Jakob Karolus

Multimodal agents are making rapid progress on general computer-use tasks, yet existing benchmarks remain largely confined to browsers and basic desktop applications, falling short in professional software workflows that dominate real-world…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Jiaxin Ai , Yukang Feng , Fanrui Zhang , Jianwen Sun , Zizhen Li , Chuanhao Li , Yifan Chang , Wenxiao Wu , Ruoxi Wang , Mingliang Zhai , Kaipeng Zhang

There is no 'ordinary' when it comes to AI. The human-AI experience is extraordinarily complex and specific to each person, yet dominant measures such as usability scales and engagement metrics flatten away nuance. We argue for AI…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Bhada Yun , Evgenia Taranova , Dana Feng , Renn Su , April Yi Wang