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As machine learning gets deployed more and more widely, and model sizes continue to grow, improving computational efficiency during model inference has become a key challenge. In many commonly used model architectures, including…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Sai Kiran Narayanaswami , Gopalakrishnan Srinivasan , Balaraman Ravindran

Large Language Models (LLMs) typically rely on a large number of parameters for token embedding, leading to substantial storage requirements and memory footprints. In particular, LLMs deployed on edge devices are memory-bound, and reducing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Dayin Gou , Sanghyun Byun , Nilesh Malpeddi , Gabrielle De Micheli , Prathamesh Vaste , Jacob Song , Woo Seong Chung

Limited computational budgets often prevent transformers from being used in production and from having their high accuracy utilized. A knowledge distillation approach addresses the computational efficiency by self-distilling BERT into a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-11 Shira Guskin , Moshe Wasserblat , Chang Wang , Haihao Shen

Deploying Large Language Models (LLMs) on edge devices presents significant challenges due to computational constraints, memory limitations, inference speed, and energy consumption. Model quantization has emerged as a key technique to…

The growing computational demands of training large language models (LLMs) necessitate more efficient methods. Quantized training presents a promising solution by enabling low-bit arithmetic operations to reduce these costs. While FP8…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Ruizhe Wang , Yeyun Gong , Xiao Liu , Guoshuai Zhao , Ziyue Yang , Baining Guo , Zhengjun Zha , Peng Cheng

Large Language Models (LLMs), with their increasing depth and number of parameters, have demonstrated outstanding performance across a variety of natural language processing tasks. However, this growth in scale leads to increased…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Hossein Rajabzadeh , Aref Jafari , Aman Sharma , Benyamin Jami , Hyock Ju Kwon , Ali Ghodsi , Boxing Chen , Mehdi Rezagholizadeh

Large language models (LLMs) have grown beyond the memory capacity of single GPU devices, necessitating quantization techniques for practical deployment. While NF4 (4-bit NormalFloat) quantization enables 4$\times$ memory reduction,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Xiangbo Qi , Chaoyi Jiang , Murali Annavaram

Deploying Large Language Models (LLMs) on edge or mobile devices offers significant benefits, such as enhanced data privacy and real-time processing capabilities. However, it also faces critical challenges due to the substantial memory…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-07 Yu Mao , Weilan Wang , Hongchao Du , Nan Guan , Chun Jason Xue

The growing demand for Large Language Models (LLMs) in applications such as content generation, intelligent chatbots, and sentiment analysis poses considerable challenges for LLM service providers. To efficiently use GPU resources and boost…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-17 Yilong Zhao , Chien-Yu Lin , Kan Zhu , Zihao Ye , Lequn Chen , Size Zheng , Luis Ceze , Arvind Krishnamurthy , Tianqi Chen , Baris Kasikci

Model compression methods are used to reduce the computation and energy requirements for Large Language Models (LLMs). Quantization Aware Training (QAT), an effective model compression method, is proposed to reduce performance degradation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-16 He Li , Jianhang Hong , Yuanzhuo Wu , Snehal Adbol , Zonglin Li

This article optimizes the inference performance of the Qwen-1.8B model by performing Int8 quantization, vectorizing some operators in llama.cpp, and modifying the compilation script to improve the compiler optimization level. On the Yitian…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Longhao Chen , Yina Zhao , Qiangjun Xie , Qinghua Sheng

Recent advances in self-supervised learning and the Transformer architecture have significantly improved natural language processing (NLP), achieving remarkably low perplexity. However, the growing size of NLP models introduces a memory…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Gunho Park , Baeseong Park , Minsub Kim , Sungjae Lee , Jeonghoon Kim , Beomseok Kwon , Se Jung Kwon , Byeongwook Kim , Youngjoo Lee , Dongsoo Lee

Quantization is widely adopted to accelerate inference and reduce memory consumption in large language models (LLMs). While activation-weight joint quantization enables efficient low-precision decoding, it suffers from substantial…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Juntao Zhao , Wenhao Lu , Sheng Wang , Lingpeng Kong , Chuan Wu

As the size of large language models (LLMs) continues to grow, model compression without sacrificing accuracy has become a crucial challenge for deployment. While some quantization methods, such as GPTQ, have made progress in achieving…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-14 Liang Li , Qingyuan Li , Bo Zhang , Xiangxiang Chu

Large Language Models (LLMs) offer state-of-the-art performance in natural language understanding and generation tasks. However, the deployment of leading commercial models for specialized tasks, such as e-commerce, is often hindered by…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Josip Tomo Licardo , Nikola Tankovic

Reinforcement Learning (RL) has outperformed other counterparts in sequential decision-making and dynamic environment control. However, FPGA deployment is significantly resource-expensive, as associated with large number of computations in…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Anushka Jha , Tanushree Dewangan , Mukul Lokhande , Santosh Kumar Vishvakarma

Large Language Models (LLMs) have been emerging as prominent AI models for solving many natural language tasks due to their high performance (e.g., accuracy) and capabilities in generating high-quality responses to the given inputs.…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Rachmad Vidya Wicaksana Putra , Pasindu Wickramasinghe , Muhammad Shafique

The immense computational cost of training Large Language Models (LLMs) presents a major barrier to innovation. While FP8 training offers a promising solution with significant theoretical efficiency gains, its widespread adoption has been…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Wenjun Wang , Shuo Cai , Congkai Xie , Mingfa Feng , Yiming Zhang , Zhen Li , Kejing Yang , Ming Li , Jiannong Cao , Hongxia Yang

Federated fine-tuning of pre-trained Large Language Models (LLMs) enables task-specific adaptation across diverse datasets while preserving privacy. However, challenges such as high computational and memory demands, heterogeneous client…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-19 Yang Su , Na Yan , Yansha Deng , Mischa Dohler , Robert Schober

Quantization has become one of the most effective methodologies to compress LLMs into smaller size. However, the existing quantization solutions still show limitations of either non-negligible accuracy drop or low system efficiency. In this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Zhen Zheng , Xiaonan Song , Chuanjie Liu