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Foundation models (FMs) have opened new avenues for machine learning applications due to their ability to adapt to new and unseen tasks with minimal or no further training. Time-series foundation models (TSFMs) -- FMs trained on time-series…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Hetvi Shastri , Pragya Sharma , Walid A. Hanafy , Mani Srivastava , Prashant Shenoy

Time series foundation models (TSFMs) are a class of potentially powerful, general-purpose tools for time series forecasting and related temporal tasks, but their behavior is strongly shaped by subtle inductive biases in their design.…

The growing penetration of renewable energy sources in power systems has increased the complexity and uncertainty of load forecasting, especially for integrated energy systems with multiple energy carriers. Traditional forecasting methods…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Jiaheng Li , Donghe Li , Ye Yang , Huan Xi , Yu Xiao , Li Sun , Dou An , Qingyu Yang

Pre-trained foundation models (FMs) have shown exceptional performance in univariate time series forecasting tasks. However, several practical challenges persist, including managing intricate dependencies among features and quantifying…

Time Series Foundation Models (TSFMs) have recently achieved state-of-the-art performance, often outperforming supervised models in zero-shot settings. Recent TSFM architectures, such as Chronos-2 and TabPFN-TS, aim to integrate covariates.…

Time series forecasting predicts future values from past data. In real-world settings, some anomalous events have lasting effects and influence the forecast, while others are short-lived and should be ignored. Standard forecasting models…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-15 Joel Ekstrand , Zahra Taghiyarrenani , Slawomir Nowaczyk

Forecasting models that are trained across sets of many time series, known as Global Forecasting Models (GFM), have shown recently promising results in forecasting competitions and real-world applications, outperforming many…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-08-07 Kasun Bandara , Hansika Hewamalage , Yuan-Hao Liu , Yanfei Kang , Christoph Bergmeir

Time series methods are of fundamental importance in virtually any field of science that deals with temporally structured data. Recently, there has been a surge of deterministic transformer models with time series-specific architectural…

Inherent temporal heterogeneity, such as varying sampling densities and periodic structures, has posed substantial challenges in zero-shot generalization for Time Series Foundation Models (TSFMs). Existing TSFMs predominantly rely on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Kun Feng , Shaocheng Lan , Yuchen Fang , Wenchao He , Sihan Lu , Shuqi Gu , Lintao Ma , Xingyu Lu , Kan Ren

Financial time series forecasting in zero-shot settings is critical for investment decisions, especially during abrupt market regime shifts or in emerging markets with limited historical data. While Model-Agnostic Meta-Learning (MAML)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-04 Anxian Liu , Junying Ma , Guang Zhang

By encoding time series as a string of numerical digits, we can frame time series forecasting as next-token prediction in text. Developing this approach, we find that large language models (LLMs) such as GPT-3 and LLaMA-2 can surprisingly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-13 Nate Gruver , Marc Finzi , Shikai Qiu , Andrew Gordon Wilson

Time-series foundation models (TSFMs) have achieved strong univariate forecasting through large-scale pre-training, yet effectively extending this success to multivariate forecasting remains challenging. To address this, we propose…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Jinpeng Li , Zhongyi Pei , Huaze Xue , Bojian Zheng , Chen Wang , Jianmin Wang

State estimation in control and systems engineering traditionally requires extensive manual system identification or data-collection effort. However, transformer-based foundation models in other domains have reduced data requirements by…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-05 Tobin Holtmann , David Stenger , Andres Posada-Moreno , Friedrich Solowjow , Sebastian Trimpe

In many time series forecasting settings, the target time series is accompanied by exogenous covariates, such as promotions and prices in retail demand; temperature in energy load; calendar and holiday indicators for traffic or sales; and…

Time series foundation models (TSFMs) are widely used as generic feature extractors, yet the notion of non-stationarity in their embedding spaces remains poorly understood. Recent work often conflates non-stationarity with distribution…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Jinmyeong Choi , Brad Shook , Artur Dubrawski

High-dimensional time series prediction is needed in applications as diverse as demand forecasting and climatology. Often, such applications require methods that are both highly scalable, and deal with noisy data in terms of corruptions or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-02-18 Hsiang-Fu Yu , Nikhil Rao , Inderjit S. Dhillon

Using Chronos-2, an open-source time-series foundation model, we evaluate pretrained time-series models for economic and financial forecasting with an emphasis on whether multivariate (MV) inputs improve accuracy relative to univariate (UV)…

Statistical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2026-05-25 Sanjiv R Das , Tarang Goyal , Mohini Yadav

Modeling stochastic and irregularly sampled time series is a challenging problem found in a wide range of applications, especially in medicine. Neural stochastic differential equations (Neural SDEs) are an attractive modeling technique for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-05 Xi Zhang , Yuan Pu , Yuki Kawamura , Andrew Loza , Yoshua Bengio , Dennis L. Shung , Alexander Tong

Spatial-temporal forecasting plays an important role in many real-world applications, such as traffic forecasting, air pollutant forecasting, crowd-flow forecasting, and so on. State-of-the-art spatial-temporal forecasting models take…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-22 Xinyu Su , Jianzhong Qi , Egemen Tanin , Yanchuan Chang , Majid Sarvi

Time Series Foundation Models (TSFMs) leverage extensive pretraining to accurately predict unseen time series during inference, without the need for task-specific fine-tuning. Through large-scale evaluations on standard benchmarks, we find…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Anthony Bao , Venkata Hasith Vattikuti , Jeffrey Lai , William Gilpin