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Over the past several years, deep learning for sequence modeling has grown in popularity. To achieve this goal, LSTM network structures have proven to be very useful for making predictions for the next output in a series. For instance, a…

Sound · Computer Science 2022-03-24 Michael Conner , Lucas Gral , Kevin Adams , David Hunger , Reagan Strelow , Alexander Neuwirth

Audio-to-score alignment is a long-standing challenge in music information retrieval and arguably the most widely applicable alignment task for music research. Alignment algorithms match two versions of a piece of music, and for this to…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Silvan Peter , Patricia Hu , Gerhard Widmer

Multimodal Large Language Models (LLMs) claim "musical understanding" via evaluations that conflate listening with score reading. We benchmark three SOTA LLMs (Gemini 2.5 Pro, Gemini 2.5 Flash, and Qwen2.5-Omni) across three core music…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Brandon James Carone , Iran R. Roman , Pablo Ripollés

Generating music is an interesting and challenging problem in the field of machine learning. Mimicking human creativity has been popular in recent years, especially in the field of computer vision and image processing. With the advent of…

Sound · Computer Science 2020-11-03 Ashish Ranjan , Varun Nagesh Jolly Behera , Motahar Reza

Recent progress in text-based Large Language Models (LLMs) and their extended ability to process multi-modal sensory data have led us to explore their applicability in addressing music information retrieval (MIR) challenges. In this paper,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-01-24 Kun Fang , Ziyu Wang , Gus Xia , Ichiro Fujinaga

We present a unified framework for automatic multitrack music arrangement that enables a single pre-trained symbolic music model to handle diverse arrangement scenarios, including reinterpretation, simplification, and additive generation.…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-11-06 Longshen Ou , Jingwei Zhao , Ziyu Wang , Gus Xia , Qihao Liang , Torin Hopkins Ye Wang

Deep generative models for symbolic music are typically designed to model temporal dependencies in music so as to predict the next musical event given previous events. In many cases, such models are expected to learn abstract concepts such…

Sound · Computer Science 2019-07-12 Benjamin Genchel , Ashis Pati , Alexander Lerch

In addressing the challenge of interpretability and generalizability of artificial music intelligence, this paper introduces a novel symbolic representation that amalgamates both explicit and implicit musical information across diverse…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-01-08 Yikai Qian , Tianle Wang , Xinyi Tong , Xin Jin , Duo Xu , Bo Zheng , Tiezheng Ge , Feng Yu , Song-Chun Zhu

A key aspect of machine learning models lies in their ability to learn efficient intermediate features. However, the input representation plays a crucial role in this process, and polyphonic musical scores remain a particularly complex type…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-09 Mathieu Prang , Philippe Esling

We propose a novel approach for the generation of polyphonic music based on LSTMs. We generate music in two steps. First, a chord LSTM predicts a chord progression based on a chord embedding. A second LSTM then generates polyphonic music…

Sound · Computer Science 2017-11-22 Gino Brunner , Yuyi Wang , Roger Wattenhofer , Jonas Wiesendanger

While music generation models have evolved to handle complex multimodal inputs mixing text, lyrics, and reference audio, evaluation mechanisms have lagged behind. In this paper, we bridge this critical gap by establishing a comprehensive…

Automatic music transcription (AMT) aims to convert raw audio to symbolic music representation. As a fundamental problem of music information retrieval (MIR), AMT is considered a difficult task even for trained human experts due to overlap…

Sound · Computer Science 2023-02-28 Shenli Yuan , Lingjie Kong , Jiushuang Guo

In this paper, we explore the tokenized representation of musical scores using the Transformer model to automatically generate musical scores. Thus far, sequence models have yielded fruitful results with note-level (MIDI-equivalent)…

Sound · Computer Science 2021-12-02 Masahiro Suzuki

At present, neural network-based models, including transformers, struggle to generate memorable and readily comprehensible music from unified and repetitive musical material due to a lack of understanding of musical structure. Consequently,…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Shangxuan Luo , Joshua Reiss

Video-to-Music generation seeks to generate musically appropriate background music that enhances audiovisual immersion for videos. However, current approaches suffer from two critical limitations: 1) incomplete representation of video…

Recent progress in music generation has been remarkably advanced by the state-of-the-art MusicLM, which comprises a hierarchy of three LMs, respectively, for semantic, coarse acoustic, and fine acoustic modelings. Yet, sampling with the…

Artificial Intelligence and generative models have revolutionized music creation, with many models leveraging textual or visual prompts for guidance. However, existing image-to-music models are limited to simple images, lacking the…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2025-07-31 Ivan Rinaldi , Nicola Fanelli , Giovanna Castellano , Gennaro Vessio

Rapid advancements in artificial intelligence have significantly enhanced generative tasks involving music and images, employing both unimodal and multimodal approaches. This research develops a model capable of generating music that…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-09-13 Tanisha Hisariya , Huan Zhang , Jinhua Liang

Modern keyboards allow a musician to play multiple instruments at the same time by assigning zones -- fixed pitch ranges of the keyboard -- to different instruments. In this paper, we aim to further extend this idea and examine the…

Sound · Computer Science 2021-10-22 Hao-Wen Dong , Chris Donahue , Taylor Berg-Kirkpatrick , Julian McAuley

Music generated by deep learning methods often suffers from a lack of coherence and long-term organization. Yet, multi-scale hierarchical structure is a distinctive feature of music signals. To leverage this information, we propose a…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-02-29 Manvi Agarwal , Changhong Wang , Gaël Richard
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