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The generation of safety-critical scenarios in simulation has become increasingly crucial for safety evaluation in autonomous vehicles prior to road deployment in society. However, current approaches largely rely on predefined threat…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Jiangfan Liu , Yongkang Guo , Fangzhi Zhong , Tianyuan Zhang , Zonglei Jing , Siyuan Liang , Jiakai Wang , Mingchuan Zhang , Aishan Liu , Xianglong Liu

The reliable operation of autonomous vehicles, automated driving functions, and advanced driver assistance systems across a wide range of relevant scenarios is critical for their development and deployment. Identifying a near-complete set…

Digital testing has emerged as a key paradigm for the development and verification of autonomous maritime navigation systems, yet the availability of realistic and diverse safety-critical encounter scenarios remains limited. Existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Sijin Sun , Liangbin Zhao , Ming Deng , Xiuju Fu

Automating activities through robots in unstructured environments, such as construction sites, has been a long-standing desire. However, the high degree of unpredictable events in these settings has resulted in far less adoption compared to…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-07-23 Hossein Naderi , Alireza Shojaei , Lifu Huang

Foundation models have emerged as critical components in a variety of artificial intelligence applications, and showcase significant success in natural language processing and several other domains. Meanwhile, the field of graph machine…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Jiawei Liu , Cheng Yang , Zhiyuan Lu , Junze Chen , Yibo Li , Mengmei Zhang , Ting Bai , Yuan Fang , Lichao Sun , Philip S. Yu , Chuan Shi

Rare, yet critical, scenarios pose a significant challenge in testing and evaluating autonomous driving planners. Relying solely on real-world driving scenes requires collecting massive datasets to capture these scenarios. While automatic…

Realistic and diverse traffic scenarios in large quantities are crucial for the development and validation of autonomous driving systems. However, owing to numerous difficulties in the data collection process and the reliance on intensive…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Shuo Sun , Zekai Gu , Tianchen Sun , Jiawei Sun , Chengran Yuan , Yuhang Han , Dongen Li , Marcelo H. Ang

A world model creates a surrogate world to train a controller and predict safety violations by learning the internal dynamic model of systems. However, the existing world models rely solely on statistical learning of how observations change…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-06 Zhenjiang Mao , Siqi Dai , Yuang Geng , Ivan Ruchkin

To ensure their safe use, autonomous vehicles (AVs) must meet rigorous certification criteria that involve executing maneuvers safely within (arbitrary) scenarios where other actors perform their intended maneuvers. For that purpose,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Aren A. Babikian , Attila Ficsor , Oszkár Semeráth , Gunter Mussbacher , Dániel Varró

Autonomous vehicles are the culmination of advances in many areas such as sensor technologies, artificial intelligence (AI), networking, and more. This paper will introduce the reader to the technologies that build autonomous vehicles. It…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-02-15 Oussama Saoudi , Ishwar Singh , Hamidreza Mahyar

Achieving fully autonomous driving systems requires learning rational decisions in a wide span of scenarios, including safety-critical and out-of-distribution ones. However, such cases are underrepresented in real-world corpus collected by…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Haochen Tian , Tianyu Li , Haochen Liu , Jiazhi Yang , Yihang Qiu , Guang Li , Junli Wang , Yinfeng Gao , Zhang Zhang , Liang Wang , Hangjun Ye , Tieniu Tan , Long Chen , Hongyang Li

Currently, most existing approaches for the design of Automated Driving System (ADS) scenarios focus on the description at one particular abstraction level typically the most detailed one. This practice often removes information at higher…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-09-14 Stefan Klikovits , Paolo Arcaini

Autonomous driving has become one of the most popular research topics within Artificial Intelligence. An autonomous vehicle is understood as a system that combines perception, decision-making, planning, and control. All of those tasks…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-06-01 Mariana Pinto , Inês Dutra , Joaquim Fonseca

Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) increasingly rely on learning-based perception, yet safety-relevant failures often arise without component malfunction, driven instead by partial observability and semantic ambiguity in how risk is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Jean Douglas Carvalho , Hugo Taciro Kenji , Ahmad Mohammad Saber , Glaucia Melo , Max Mauro Dias Santos , Deepa Kundur

Autonomous driving systems (ADSs) promise improved transportation efficiency and safety, yet ensuring their reliability in complex real-world environments remains a critical challenge. Effective testing is essential to validate ADS…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Yihan Liao , Jingyu Zhang , Jacky Keung , Yan Xiao , Yurou Dai

While automated driving technology has achieved a tremendous progress, the scalable and rigorous testing and verification of safe automated and autonomous driving vehicles remain challenging. This paper proposes a learning-based…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-01-27 Andrea Favrin , Vladislav Nenchev , Angelo Cenedese

Modeling environmental ecosystems is essential for effective resource management, sustainable development, and understanding complex ecological processes. However, traditional data-driven methods face challenges in capturing inherently…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Runlong Yu , Shengyu Chen , Yiqun Xie , Huaxiu Yao , Jared Willard , Xiaowei Jia

Scenario-based testing is an indispensable instrument for the comprehensive validation and verification of automated vehicles (AVs). However, finding a manageable and finite, yet representative subset of scenarios in a scalable, possibly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Ferdinand Mütsch , Maximilian Zipfl , Nikolai Polley , J. Marius Zöllner

Autonomous vehicles (AVs) can significantly promote the advances in road transport mobility in terms of safety, reliability, and decarbonization. However, ensuring safety and efficiency in interactive during within dynamic and diverse…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-01-06 Zhen Tian , Zhihao Lin , Dezong Zhao , Wenjing Zhao , David Flynn , Shuja Ansari , Chongfeng Wei