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Quantization-aware training (QAT) schemes have been shown to achieve near-full precision accuracy. They accomplish this by training a quantized model for multiple epochs. This is computationally expensive, mainly because of the full…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-19 Saleh Ashkboos , Bram Verhoef , Torsten Hoefler , Evangelos Eleftheriou , Martino Dazzi

Deep Neural Networks(DNNs) have many parameters and activation data, and these both are expensive to implement. One method to reduce the size of the DNN is to quantize the pre-trained model by using a low-bit expression for weights and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-11-26 Jun Nishikawa , Ryoji Ikegaya

Quantization is essential for reducing the computational cost and memory usage of deep neural networks, enabling efficient inference on low-precision hardware. Despite the growing adoption of uniform and floating-point quantization schemes,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-19 Mehmet Aktukmak , Daniel Huang , Ke Ding

To accelerate the inference of deep neural networks (DNNs), quantization with low-bitwidth numbers is actively researched. A prominent challenge is to quantize the DNN models into low-bitwidth numbers without significant accuracy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-14 Jiajun Zhou , Jiajun Wu , Yizhao Gao , Yuhao Ding , Chaofan Tao , Boyu Li , Fengbin Tu , Kwang-Ting Cheng , Hayden Kwok-Hay So , Ngai Wong

Large-scale deep neural networks (DNN) have been successfully used in a number of tasks from image recognition to natural language processing. They are trained using large training sets on large models, making them computationally and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-03-28 Sek Chai , Aswin Raghavan , David Zhang , Mohamed Amer , Tim Shields

Quantization of deep neural networks (DNN) has been proven effective for compressing and accelerating DNN models. Data-free quantization (DFQ) is a promising approach without the original datasets under privacy-sensitive and confidential…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-16 Cong Guo , Yuxian Qiu , Jingwen Leng , Xiaotian Gao , Chen Zhang , Yunxin Liu , Fan Yang , Yuhao Zhu , Minyi Guo

We introduce a method to train Quantized Neural Networks (QNNs) --- neural networks with extremely low precision (e.g., 1-bit) weights and activations, at run-time. At train-time the quantized weights and activations are used for computing…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2016-09-23 Itay Hubara , Matthieu Courbariaux , Daniel Soudry , Ran El-Yaniv , Yoshua Bengio

Quantization is an effective way to reduce the memory cost of large-scale model training. However, most existing methods adopt fixed-precision policies, which ignore the fact that optimizer-state distributions vary significantly across…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Minglu Liu , Cunchen Hu , Liangliang Xu , Fengming Tang , Ruijia Wang , Fu Yu

Neural networks commonly execute on hardware accelerators such as NPUs and GPUs for their size and computation overhead. These accelerators are costly and it is hard to scale their resources to handle real-time workload fluctuations. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Jaemin Kim , Hongjun Um , Sungkyun Kim , Yongjun Park , Jiwon Seo

The remarkable success of deep neural networks (DNNs) in various applications is accompanied by a significant increase in network parameters and arithmetic operations. Such increases in memory and computational demands make deep learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Daniel Becking , Maximilian Dreyer , Wojciech Samek , Karsten Müller , Sebastian Lapuschkin

Multi-bit quantization networks enable flexible deployment of deep neural networks by supporting multiple precision levels within a single model. However, existing approaches suffer from significant training overhead as full-dataset updates…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Jinhee Kim , Jae Jun An , Kang Eun Jeon , Jong Hwan Ko

Neural network quantization is frequently used to optimize model size, latency and power consumption for on-device deployment of neural networks. In many cases, a target bit-width is set for an entire network, meaning every layer get…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-13 Nilesh Prasad Pandey , Markus Nagel , Mart van Baalen , Yin Huang , Chirag Patel , Tijmen Blankevoort

This paper tackles the problem of training a deep convolutional neural network of both low-bitwidth weights and activations. Optimizing a low-precision network is very challenging due to the non-differentiability of the quantizer, which may…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-06-07 Bohan Zhuang , Jing Liu , Mingkui Tan , Lingqiao Liu , Ian Reid , Chunhua Shen

Deploying neural networks on the edge has become increasingly important as deep learning is being applied in an increasing amount of applications. At the edge computing hardware typically has limited resources disallowing to run neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Quinten Van Baelen , Peter Karsmakers

Deep neural networks (DNNs) are state-of-the-art algorithms for multiple applications, spanning from image classification to speech recognition. While providing excellent accuracy, they often have enormous compute and memory requirements.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-12 Ussama Zahid , Giulio Gambardella , Nicholas J. Fraser , Michaela Blott , Kees Vissers

Large language models (LLMs) have shown immense potential across various domains, but their high memory requirements and inference costs remain critical challenges for deployment. Post-training quantization (PTQ) has emerged as a promising…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-05 Tianyi Zhang , Anshumali Shrivastava

With the rise of smartphones and the internet-of-things, data is increasingly getting generated at the edge on local, personal devices. For privacy, latency and energy saving reasons, this shift is causing machine learning algorithms to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-29 Jiaqi Li , Ross Drummond , Stephen R. Duncan

Quantizing deep neural networks is an effective method for reducing memory consumption and improving inference speed, and is thus useful for implementation in resource-constrained devices. However, it is still hard for extremely low-bit…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-11-03 Kohei Yamamoto

Recent advancements in machine learning achieved by Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) have been significant. While demonstrating high accuracy, DNNs are associated with a huge number of parameters and computations, which leads to high memory…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-20 Babak Rokh , Ali Azarpeyvand , Alireza Khanteymoori

Although weight and activation quantization is an effective approach for Deep Neural Network (DNN) compression and has a lot of potentials to increase inference speed leveraging bit-operations, there is still a noticeable gap in terms of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-07-27 Dongqing Zhang , Jiaolong Yang , Dongqiangzi Ye , Gang Hua