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Recently, increasing attention has been drawn to the internal mechanisms of convolutional neural networks, and the reason why the network makes specific decisions. In this paper, we develop a novel post-hoc visual explanation method called…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-04-14 Haofan Wang , Zifan Wang , Mengnan Du , Fan Yang , Zijian Zhang , Sirui Ding , Piotr Mardziel , Xia Hu

Extracting class activation maps (CAM) is arguably the most standard step of generating pseudo masks for weakly-supervised semantic segmentation (WSSS). Yet, we find that the crux of the unsatisfactory pseudo masks is the binary…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-03-03 Zhaozheng Chen , Tan Wang , Xiongwei Wu , Xian-Sheng Hua , Hanwang Zhang , Qianru Sun

Deep learning opacity often impedes deployment in high-stakes domains. We propose a training framework that aligns model focus with class-representative features without requiring pixel-level annotations. To this end, we introduce…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Giacomo Ignesti , Davide Moroni , Massimo Martinelli

Explanation methods facilitate the development of models that learn meaningful concepts and avoid exploiting spurious correlations. We illustrate a previously unrecognized limitation of the popular neural network explanation method…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-11-23 Rachel Lea Draelos , Lawrence Carin

Class activation map (CAM) has been widely used to highlight image regions that contribute to class predictions. Despite its simplicity and computational efficiency, CAM often struggles to identify discriminative regions that distinguish…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Ziheng Zhang , Jianyang Gu , Arpita Chowdhury , Zheda Mai , David Carlyn , Tanya Berger-Wolf , Yu Su , Wei-Lun Chao

In recent years, artificial intelligence is increasingly being applied widely in many different fields and has a profound and direct impact on human life. Following this is the need to understand the principles of the model making…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-07-11 Quoc Hung Cao , Truong Thanh Hung Nguyen , Vo Thanh Khang Nguyen , Xuan Phong Nguyen

Deep neural networks (DNNs) have achieved remarkable success across domains but remain difficult to interpret, limiting their trustworthiness in high-stakes applications. This paper focuses on deep vision models, for which a dominant line…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Qiming Zhao , Xingjian Li , Xiaoyu Cao , Xiaolong Wu , Min Xu

Backpropagation image saliency aims at explaining model predictions by estimating model-centric importance of individual pixels in the input. However, class-insensitivity of the earlier layers in a network only allows saliency computation…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-06-22 Mohammad A. A. K. Jalwana , Naveed Akhtar , Mohammed Bennamoun , Ajmal Mian

Explaining deep convolutional neural networks has been recently drawing increasing attention since it helps to understand the networks' internal operations and why they make certain decisions. Saliency maps, which emphasize salient regions…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-08-10 Quan Zheng , Ziwei Wang , Jie Zhou , Jiwen Lu

Neural networks for time series forecasting have relied on error metrics and architecture-specific interpretability approaches for model selection that don't apply across models of different families. To interpret forecasting models…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Krupakar Hans , V A Kandappan

Weakly supervised object localization has recently attracted attention since it aims to identify both class labels and locations of objects by using image-level labels. Most previous methods utilize the activation map corresponding to the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-12-20 Seunghan Yang , Yoonhyung Kim , Youngeun Kim , Changick Kim

Deep learning models have great potential in medical imaging, including orthodontics and skeletal maturity assessment. However, applying a model to data different from its training set can lead to unreliable predictions that may impact…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-15 Omid Halimi Milani , Amanda Nikho , Lauren Mills , Marouane Tliba , Ahmet Enis Cetin , Mohammed H. Elnagar

The class activation mapping, or CAM, has been the cornerstone of feature attribution methods for multiple vision tasks. Its simplicity and effectiveness have led to wide applications in the explanation of visual predictions and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-08-13 Jae Myung Kim , Junsuk Choe , Zeynep Akata , Seong Joon Oh

The need for clear, trustworthy explanations of deep learning model predictions is essential for high-criticality fields, such as medicine and biometric identification. Class Activation Maps (CAMs) are an increasingly popular category of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-01 Emily Kaczmarek , Olivier X. Miguel , Alexa C. Bowie , Robin Ducharme , Alysha L. J. Dingwall-Harvey , Steven Hawken , Christine M. Armour , Mark C. Walker , Kevin Dick

Gaining insight into how deep convolutional neural network models perform image classification and how to explain their outputs have been a concern to computer vision researchers and decision makers. These deep models are often referred to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-08-06 Daniel Omeiza , Skyler Speakman , Celia Cintas , Komminist Weldermariam

Given a grayscale photograph, the colorization system estimates a visually plausible colorful image. Conventional methods often use semantics to colorize grayscale images. However, in these methods, only classification semantic information…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-11-24 Yuzhi Zhao , Lai-Man Po , Kwok-Wai Cheung , Wing-Yin Yu , Yasar Abbas Ur Rehman

The Grad-CAM algorithm provides a way to identify what parts of an image contribute most to the output of a classifier deep network. The algorithm is simple and widely used for localization of objects in an image, although some researchers…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-05-24 Miguel Lerma , Mirtha Lucas

With the intervention of machine vision in our crucial day to day necessities including healthcare and automated power plants, attention has been drawn to the internal mechanisms of convolutional neural networks, and the reason why the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Ram S Iyer , Narayan S Iyer , Rugmini Ammal P

Solving sequential decision prediction problems, including those in imitation learning settings, requires mitigating the problem of covariate shift. The standard approach, DAgger, relies on capturing expert behaviour in all states that the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-20 Paul Budnarain , Renato Ferreira Pinto Junior , Ilan Kogan

In standard Deep Neural Network (DNN) based classifiers, the general convention is to omit the activation function in the last (output) layer and directly apply the softmax function on the logits to get the probability scores of each class.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-17 Omer Faruk Tuna , Ferhat Ozgur Catak , M. Taner Eskil