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Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are known for their ability to learn hierarchical structures, naturally developing detectors for objects, and semantic concepts within their deeper layers. Activation maps (AMs) reveal these saliency…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-02 Aray Karjauv , Sahin Albayrak

Class activation mapping (CAM) is a widely adopted class of saliency methods used to explain the behavior of convolutional neural networks (CNNs). These methods generate heatmaps that highlight the parts of the input most relevant to the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Alejandro Luque-Cerpa , Elizabeth Polgreen , Ajitha Rajan , Hazem Torfah

We propose a technique for making Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)-based models more transparent by visualizing input regions that are 'important' for predictions -- or visual explanations. Our approach, called Gradient-weighted Class…

Existing method generates class activation map (CAM) by a set of fixed classes (i.e., using all the classes), while the discriminative cues between class pairs are not considered. Note that activation maps by considering different class…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-01-24 Fanman Meng , Kaixu Huang , Hongliang Li , Qingbo Wu

The widespread use of black-box AI models has raised the need for algorithms and methods that explain the decisions made by these models. In recent years, the AI research community is increasingly interested in models' explainability since…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-09-28 Savvas Karatsiolis , Andreas Kamilaris

Class activation map (CAM) has been widely studied for visual explanation of the internal working mechanism of convolutional neural networks. The key of existing CAM-based methods is to compute effective weights to combine activation maps…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-06-20 Hui Li , Zihao Li , Rui Ma , Tieru Wu

The gradient-weighted class activation mapping (Grad-CAM) method can faithfully highlight important regions in images for deep model prediction in image classification, image captioning and many other tasks. It uses the gradients in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-01-22 Lei Chen , Jianhui Chen , Hossein Hajimirsadeghi , Greg Mori

With the growing demand for interpretable deep learning models, this paper introduces Integrative CAM, an advanced Class Activation Mapping (CAM) technique aimed at providing a holistic view of feature importance across Convolutional Neural…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Aniket K. Singh , Debasis Chaudhuri , Manish P. Singh , Samiran Chattopadhyay

As the request for deep learning solutions increases, the need for explainability is even more fundamental. In this setting, particular attention has been given to visualization techniques, that try to attribute the right relevance to each…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-04-22 Samuele Poppi , Marcella Cornia , Lorenzo Baraldi , Rita Cucchiara

CAM-based methods are widely-used post-hoc interpretability method that produce a saliency map to explain the decision of an image classification model. The saliency map highlights the important areas of the image relevant to the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-09 Magamed Taimeskhanov , Ronan Sicre , Damien Garreau

In this paper, we propose an efficient saliency map generation method, called Group score-weighted Class Activation Mapping (Group-CAM), which adopts the "split-transform-merge" strategy to generate saliency maps. Specifically, for an input…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-06-22 Qinglong Zhang , Lu Rao , Yubin Yang

Class Activation Mapping (CAM) methods are widely used to visualize neural network decisions, yet their underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. To enhance the understanding of CAM methods and improve their explainability, we…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-27 Huaiguang Cai

The Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is a widely used deep learning architecture for computer vision. However, its black box nature makes it difficult to interpret the behavior of the model. To mitigate this issue, AI practitioners have…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-14 Seok-Yong Byun , Wonju Lee

Explainability is a vital aspect of modern AI for real-world impact and usability. The main objective of this paper is to emphasise the need to understand the predictions of Computer Vision models, specifically Convolutional Neural Network…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Ravidu Suien Rammuni Silva , Jordan J. Bird

Class activation maps are widely used for explaining deep neural networks. Due to its ability to highlight regions of interest, it has evolved in recent years as a key step in weakly supervised learning. A major limitation to the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-07 Hang-Cheng Dong , Yuhao Jiang , Yingyan Huang , Jingxiao Liao , Bingguo Liu , Dong Ye , Guodong Liu

Extracting class activation maps (CAM) is a key step for weakly-supervised semantic segmentation (WSSS). The CAM of convolution neural networks fails to capture long-range feature dependency on the image and result in the coverage on only…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-11-22 Jianqiang Huang , Jian Wang , Qianru Sun , Hanwang Zhang

Data series classification is an important and challenging problem in data science. Explaining the classification decisions by finding the discriminant parts of the input that led the algorithm to some decisions is a real need in many…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-26 Paul Boniol , Mohammed Meftah , Emmanuel Remy , Themis Palpanas

Increasing demands for understanding the internal behavior of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have led to remarkable improvements in explanation methods. Particularly, several class activation mapping (CAM) based methods, which…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-09-28 Hyungsik Jung , Youngrock Oh

Class Activation Maps (CAMs) are one of the important methods for visualizing regions used by deep learning models. Yet their robustness to different noise remains underexplored. In this work, we evaluate and report the resilience of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Syamantak Sarkar , Revoti P. Bora , Bhupender Kaushal , Sudhish N George , Kiran Raja

Class activation map (CAM) highlights regions of classes based on classification network, which is widely used in weakly supervised tasks. However, it faces the problem that the class activation regions are usually small and local. Although…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-09-24 Kaixu Huang , Fanman Meng , Hongliang Li , Shuai Chen , Qingbo Wu , King N. Ngan