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Large Language Models (LLMs) are powerful tools with profound societal impacts, yet their ability to generate responses to diverse and uncontrolled inputs leaves them vulnerable to adversarial attacks. While existing defenses often struggle…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Samuel Simko , Mrinmaya Sachan , Bernhard Schölkopf , Zhijing Jin

The rapid advancement of Large Language Models (LLMs) has opened up new opportunities for leveraging artificial intelligence in a variety of application domains, including cybersecurity. As the volume and sophistication of cyber threats…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Hanxiang Xu , Shenao Wang , Ningke Li , Kailong Wang , Yanjie Zhao , Kai Chen , Ting Yu , Yang Liu , Haoyu Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) can comply with harmful instructions, raising serious safety concerns despite their impressive capabilities. Recent work has leveraged probing-based approaches to study the separability of malicious and benign…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Cheng Wang , Zeming Wei , Qin Liu , Muhao Chen

Recent advances in LLMs have enhanced AI capabilities, but also increased the risk posed by malicious requests, highlighting the need for effective LLM safeguards to detect such queries. Existing approaches largely rely on classifier-based…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Zhuowei Chen , Bowei Zhang , Nankai Lin , Tian Hou , Lianxi Wang

This paper explores the pressing issue of risk assessment in Large Language Models (LLMs) as they become increasingly prevalent in various applications. Focusing on how reward models, which are designed to fine-tune pretrained LLMs to align…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-25 Bahareh Harandizadeh , Abel Salinas , Fred Morstatter

Large Language Models (LLMs) are transforming human decision-making by acting as cognitive collaborators. Yet, this promise comes with a paradox: while LLMs can improve accuracy, they may also erode independent reasoning, promote…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Irdin Pekaric , Philipp Zech , Tom Mattson

Language models, characterized by their black-box nature, often hallucinate and display sensitivity to input perturbations, causing concerns about trust. To enhance trust, it is imperative to gain a comprehensive understanding of the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-03 Vatsal Gupta , Pranshu Pandya , Tushar Kataria , Vivek Gupta , Dan Roth

The rapid advancement of pre-trained language models (PLMs) has demonstrated promising results for various code-related tasks. However, their effectiveness in detecting real-world vulnerabilities remains a critical challenge. While existing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Youpeng Li , Weiliang Qi , Xuyu Wang , Fuxun Yu , Xinda Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) play a central role in modern artificial intelligence, yet their development has been primarily focused on English, resulting in limited support for other languages. We present PLLuM (Polish Large Language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Jan Kocoń , Maciej Piasecki , Arkadiusz Janz , Teddy Ferdinan , Łukasz Radliński , Bartłomiej Koptyra , Marcin Oleksy , Stanisław Woźniak , Paweł Walkowiak , Konrad Wojtasik , Julia Moska , Tomasz Naskręt , Bartosz Walkowiak , Mateusz Gniewkowski , Kamil Szyc , Dawid Motyka , Dawid Banach , Jonatan Dalasiński , Ewa Rudnicka , Bartłomiej Alberski , Tomasz Walkowiak , Aleksander Szczęsny , Maciej Markiewicz , Tomasz Bernaś , Hubert Mazur , Kamil Żyta , Mateusz Tykierko , Grzegorz Chodak , Tomasz Kajdanowicz , Przemysław Kazienko , Agnieszka Karlińska , Karolina Seweryn , Anna Kołos , Maciej Chrabąszcz , Katarzyna Lorenc , Aleksandra Krasnodębska , Artur Wilczek , Katarzyna Dziewulska , Paula Betscher , Zofia Cieślińska , Katarzyna Kowol , Daria Mikoś , Maciej Trzciński , Dawid Krutul , Marek Kozłowski , Sławomir Dadas , Rafał Poświata , Michał Perełkiewicz , Małgorzata Grębowiec , Maciej Kazuła , Marcin Białas , Roman Roszko , Danuta Roszko , Jurgita Vaičenonienė , Andrius Utka , Paweł Levchuk , Paweł Kowalski , Irena Prawdzic-Jankowska , Maciej Ogrodniczuk , Monika Borys , Anna Bulińska , Wiktoria Gumienna , Witold Kieraś , Dorota Komosińska , Katarzyna Krasnowska-Kieraś , Łukasz Kobyliński , Martyna Lewandowska , Marek Łaziński , Mikołaj Łątkowski , Dawid Mastalerz , Beata Milewicz , Agnieszka Anna Mykowiecka , Angelika Peljak-Łapińska , Sandra Penno , Zuzanna Przybysz , Michał Rudolf , Piotr Rybak , Karolina Saputa , Aleksandra Tomaszewska , Aleksander Wawer , Marcin Woliński , Joanna Wołoszyn , Alina Wróblewska , Bartosz Żuk , Filip Żarnecki , Konrad Kaczyński , Anna Cichosz , Zuzanna Deckert , Monika Garnys , Izabela Grabarczyk , Wojciech Janowski , Sylwia Karasińska , Aleksandra Kujawiak , Piotr Misztela , Maria Szymańska , Karolina Walkusz , Igor Siek , Jakub Kwiatkowski , Piotr Pęzik

Recently, large language models (LLMs) have been gaining a lot of interest due to their adaptability and extensibility in emerging applications, including communication networks. It is anticipated that ZSM networks will be able to support…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-07 Sunder Ali Khowaja , Parus Khuwaja , Kapal Dev , Hussam Al Hamadi , Engin Zeydan

The Large Language Models (LLMs) are poised to offer efficient and intelligent services for future mobile communication networks, owing to their exceptional capabilities in language comprehension and generation. However, the extremely high…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-09-07 Haomiao Yang , Kunlan Xiang , Mengyu Ge , Hongwei Li , Rongxing Lu , Shui Yu

Large language models (LLMs) and small language models (SLMs) are being adopted at remarkable speed, although their safety still remains a serious concern. With the advent of multilingual S/LLMs, the question now becomes a matter of scale:…

Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized artificial intelligence, demonstrating remarkable computational power and linguistic capabilities. However, these models are inherently prone to various biases stemming from their training…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-14 Riccardo Cantini , Giada Cosenza , Alessio Orsino , Domenico Talia

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly becoming the preferred foundation platforms for many Natural Language Processing tasks such as Machine Translation, owing to their quality often comparable to or better than task-specific…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-18 Zhifan Sun , Antonio Valerio Miceli-Barone

Recent studies show that large language models (LLMs) are powerful tools for working with natural language, bringing advances in many areas of computational linguistics. However, these models face challenges when applied to low-resource…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-09 Zhaojun Ding , Zhengliang Liu , Hanqi Jiang , Yizhu Gao , Xiaoming Zhai , Tianming Liu , Ninghao Liu

As the pre-trained language models (PLMs) continue to grow, so do the hardware and data requirements for fine-tuning PLMs. Therefore, the researchers have come up with a lighter method called \textit{Prompt Learning}. However, during the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-09-07 Yundi Shi , Piji Li , Changchun Yin , Zhaoyang Han , Lu Zhou , Zhe Liu

The open-sourcing of large language models (LLMs) accelerates application development, innovation, and scientific progress. This includes both base models, which are pre-trained on extensive datasets without alignment, and aligned models,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-17 Xiao Wang , Tianze Chen , Xianjun Yang , Qi Zhang , Xun Zhao , Dahua Lin

Large Language Models (LLMs) represent a transformative leap in artificial intelligence, enabling the comprehension, generation, and nuanced interaction with human language on an unparalleled scale. However, LLMs are increasingly vulnerable…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-06 Nan Wang , Kane Walter , Yansong Gao , Alsharif Abuadbba

Despite their linguistic prowess, LLMs have been shown to be vulnerable to small input perturbations. While robustness to local adversarial changes has been studied, robustness to global modifications such as different linguistic styles…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Pulkit Arora , Akbar Karimi , Lucie Flek

Several recent works have argued that Large Language Models (LLMs) can be used to tame the data deluge in the cybersecurity field, by improving the automation of Cyber Threat Intelligence (CTI) tasks. This work presents an evaluation…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Emanuele Mezzi , Fabio Massacci , Katja Tuma