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An increasing number of LLMs employ Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architectures where the feed-forward layer is replaced by a pool of experts and each token only activates a small subset of them. During autoregressive generation, these models…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Costin-Andrei Oncescu , Qingyang Wu , Wai Tong Chung , Robert Wu , Bryan Gopal , Junxiong Wang , Tri Dao , Ben Athiwaratkun

Scaling the size of a model enhances its capabilities but significantly increases computation complexity. Mixture-of-Experts models (MoE) address the issue by allowing model size to scale up without substantially increasing training or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-30 Zhenpeng Su , Zijia Lin , Xue Bai , Xing Wu , Yizhe Xiong , Haoran Lian , Guangyuan Ma , Hui Chen , Guiguang Ding , Wei Zhou , Songlin Hu

The current generation of large language models (LLMs) is typically designed for broad, general-purpose applications, while domain-specific LLMs, especially in vertical fields like medicine, remain relatively scarce. In particular, the…

Mixture-of-experts (MoE) architectures used in large language models (LLMs) achieve state-of-the-art performance across diverse tasks yet face practical challenges such as deployment complexity and low activation efficiency. Expert pruning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Xican Yang , Yuanhe Tian , Yan Song

Mixture-of-Experts (MoEs) can scale up beyond traditional deep learning models by employing a routing strategy in which each input is processed by a single "expert" deep learning model. This strategy allows us to scale up the number of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-05-28 Anastasis Kratsios , Haitz Sáez de Ocáriz Borde , Takashi Furuya , Marc T. Law

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) has emerged as a powerful paradigm for scaling model capacity while preserving computational efficiency. Despite its notable success in large language models (LLMs), existing attempts to apply MoE to Diffusion…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Yujie Wei , Shiwei Zhang , Hangjie Yuan , Yujin Han , Zhekai Chen , Jiayu Wang , Difan Zou , Xihui Liu , Yingya Zhang , Yu Liu , Hongming Shan

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) enjoys performance gain by increasing model capacity while keeping computation cost constant. When comparing MoE to dense models, prior work typically adopt the following setting: 1) use FLOPs or activated…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Xianzhi Du , Tom Gunter , Xiang Kong , Mark Lee , Zirui Wang , Aonan Zhang , Nan Du , Ruoming Pang

Mixture of Experts (MoE) models enhance neural network scalability by dynamically selecting relevant experts per input token, enabling larger model sizes while maintaining manageable computation costs. However, efficient training of…

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) based large language models (LLMs) offer strong performance but suffer from high memory and computation costs. Weight binarization provides extreme efficiency, yet existing binary methods designed for dense LLMs…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Zhixiong Zhao , Zukang Xu , Zhixuan Chen , Dawei Yang

Pretraining large language models (LLMs) is resource-intensive, often requiring months of training time even with high-end GPU clusters. There are two approaches of mitigating such computational demands: reusing smaller models to train…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Seng Pei Liew , Takuya Kato , Sho Takase

Mixture of Experts (MoE) LLMs, characterized by their sparse activation patterns, offer a promising approach to scaling language models while avoiding proportionally increasing the inference cost. However, their large parameter sizes…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Yichao Yuan , Lin Ma , Nishil Talati

The Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architecture has emerged as a promising approach to mitigate the rising computational costs of large language models (LLMs) by selectively activating parameters. However, its high memory requirements and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Jehyeon Bang , Eunyeong Cho , Ranggi Hwang , Jinha Chung , Minsoo Rhu

This research combines Knowledge Distillation (KD) and Mixture of Experts (MoE) to develop modular, efficient multilingual language models. Key objectives include evaluating adaptive versus fixed alpha methods in KD and comparing modular…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-30 Mohammed Al-Maamari , Mehdi Ben Amor , Michael Granitzer

Recent studies have shown that combining parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) with mixture-of-experts (MoE) is an effective strategy for adapting large language models (LLMs) to the downstream tasks. However, most existing approaches rely…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Yuan Zhuang , Yi Shen , Yuexin Bian , Qing Su , Shihao Ji , Yuanyuan Shi , Fei Miao

As the research of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) becomes popular, an advancing MLLM model is typically required to handle various textual and visual tasks (e.g., VQA, Detection, OCR, and ChartQA) simultaneously for real-world…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-19 Jinqiang Long , Yanqi Dai , Guoxing Yang , Hongpeng Lin , Nanyi Fei , Yizhao Gao , Zhiwu Lu

Large Language Models (LLMs) are often English-centric due to the disproportionate distribution of languages in their pre-training data. Enhancing non-English language capabilities through post-pretraining often results in catastrophic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-22 Hao Zhou , Zhijun Wang , Shujian Huang , Xin Huang , Xue Han , Junlan Feng , Chao Deng , Weihua Luo , Jiajun Chen

In recent years, a plethora of open-source foundation models have emerged, achieving remarkable progress in some widely attended fields, with performance being quite close to that of closed-source models. However, in high-value but more…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Lei Bai , Zhongrui Cai , Yuhang Cao , Maosong Cao , Weihan Cao , Chiyu Chen , Haojiong Chen , Kai Chen , Pengcheng Chen , Ying Chen , Yongkang Chen , Yu Cheng , Pei Chu , Tao Chu , Erfei Cui , Ganqu Cui , Long Cui , Ziyun Cui , Nianchen Deng , Ning Ding , Nanqing Dong , Peijie Dong , Shihan Dou , Sinan Du , Haodong Duan , Caihua Fan , Ben Gao , Changjiang Gao , Jianfei Gao , Songyang Gao , Yang Gao , Zhangwei Gao , Jiaye Ge , Qiming Ge , Lixin Gu , Yuzhe Gu , Aijia Guo , Qipeng Guo , Xu Guo , Conghui He , Junjun He , Yili Hong , Siyuan Hou , Caiyu Hu , Hanglei Hu , Jucheng Hu , Ming Hu , Zhouqi Hua , Haian Huang , Junhao Huang , Xu Huang , Zixian Huang , Zhe Jiang , Lingkai Kong , Linyang Li , Peiji Li , Pengze Li , Shuaibin Li , Tianbin Li , Wei Li , Yuqiang Li , Dahua Lin , Junyao Lin , Tianyi Lin , Zhishan Lin , Hongwei Liu , Jiangning Liu , Jiyao Liu , Junnan Liu , Kai Liu , Kaiwen Liu , Kuikun Liu , Shichun Liu , Shudong Liu , Wei Liu , Xinyao Liu , Yuhong Liu , Zhan Liu , Yinquan Lu , Haijun Lv , Hongxia Lv , Huijie Lv , Qitan Lv , Ying Lv , Chengqi Lyu , Chenglong Ma , Jianpeng Ma , Ren Ma , Runmin Ma , Runyuan Ma , Xinzhu Ma , Yichuan Ma , Zihan Ma , Sixuan Mi , Junzhi Ning , Wenchang Ning , Xinle Pang , Jiahui Peng , Runyu Peng , Yu Qiao , Jiantao Qiu , Xiaoye Qu , Yuan Qu , Yuchen Ren , Fukai Shang , Wenqi Shao , Junhao Shen , Shuaike Shen , Chunfeng Song , Demin Song , Diping Song , Chenlin Su , Weijie Su , Weigao Sun , Yu Sun , Qian Tan , Cheng Tang , Huanze Tang , Kexian Tang , Shixiang Tang , Jian Tong , Aoran Wang , Bin Wang , Dong Wang , Lintao Wang , Rui Wang , Weiyun Wang , Wenhai Wang , Jiaqi Wang , Yi Wang , Ziyi Wang , Ling-I Wu , Wen Wu , Yue Wu , Zijian Wu , Linchen Xiao , Shuhao Xing , Chao Xu , Huihui Xu , Jun Xu , Ruiliang Xu , Wanghan Xu , GanLin Yang , Yuming Yang , Haochen Ye , Jin Ye , Shenglong Ye , Jia Yu , Jiashuo Yu , Jing Yu , Fei Yuan , Yuhang Zang , Bo Zhang , Chao Zhang , Chen Zhang , Hongjie Zhang , Jin Zhang , Qiaosheng Zhang , Qiuyinzhe Zhang , Songyang Zhang , Taolin Zhang , Wenlong Zhang , Wenwei Zhang , Yechen Zhang , Ziyang Zhang , Haiteng Zhao , Qian Zhao , Xiangyu Zhao , Xiangyu Zhao , Bowen Zhou , Dongzhan Zhou , Peiheng Zhou , Yuhao Zhou , Yunhua Zhou , Dongsheng Zhu , Lin Zhu , Yicheng Zou

Open-source Large Language Models (LLMs) increasingly specialize by domain (e.g., math, code, general reasoning), motivating systems that leverage complementary strengths across models. Prior multi-LLM approaches either (i) route a query to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Jacob Fein-Ashley , Dhruv Parikh , Rajgopal Kannan , Viktor Prasanna

Parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) methods have shown promise in adapting large language models, yet existing approaches exhibit counter-intuitive phenomena: integrating router into prompt tuning (PT) increases training efficiency yet…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-15 Zongqian Li , Yixuan Su , Nigel Collier

Machine Learning Interatomic Potentials (MLIPs) enable accurate large-scale atomistic simulations, yet improving their expressive capacity efficiently remains challenging. Here we systematically develop Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) and…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2026-03-13 Yuzhi Liu , Duo Zhang , Anyang Peng , Weinan E , Linfeng Zhang , Han Wang