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Combining existing pre-trained expert LLMs is a promising avenue for scalably tackling large-scale and diverse tasks. However, selecting task-level experts is often too coarse-grained, as heterogeneous tasks may require different expertise…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Justin Chih-Yao Chen , Sukwon Yun , Elias Stengel-Eskin , Tianlong Chen , Mohit Bansal

In this report, we introduce Qwen2.5, a comprehensive series of large language models (LLMs) designed to meet diverse needs. Compared to previous iterations, Qwen 2.5 has been significantly improved during both the pre-training and…

The proliferation of large language models (LLMs) has led to the adoption of Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architectures that dynamically leverage specialized subnetworks for improved efficiency and performance. Despite their benefits, MoE…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Ruisi Cai , Yeonju Ro , Geon-Woo Kim , Peihao Wang , Babak Ehteshami Bejnordi , Aditya Akella , Zhangyang Wang

A pivotal advancement in the progress of large language models (LLMs) is the emergence of the Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) LLMs. Compared to traditional LLMs, MoE LLMs can achieve higher performance with fewer parameters, but it is still hard…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-31 Xudong Lu , Qi Liu , Yuhui Xu , Aojun Zhou , Siyuan Huang , Bo Zhang , Junchi Yan , Hongsheng Li

Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit strong generalization capabilities to novel tasks when prompted with language instructions and in-context demos. Since this ability sensitively depends on the quality of prompts, various methods have…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Ruochen Wang , Sohyun An , Minhao Cheng , Tianyi Zhou , Sung Ju Hwang , Cho-Jui Hsieh

We present GLM-4.5, an open-source Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) large language model with 355B total parameters and 32B activated parameters, featuring a hybrid reasoning method that supports both thinking and direct response modes. Through…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-11 5 Team , Aohan Zeng , Xin Lv , Qinkai Zheng , Zhenyu Hou , Bin Chen , Chengxing Xie , Cunxiang Wang , Da Yin , Hao Zeng , Jiajie Zhang , Kedong Wang , Lucen Zhong , Mingdao Liu , Rui Lu , Shulin Cao , Xiaohan Zhang , Xuancheng Huang , Yao Wei , Yean Cheng , Yifan An , Yilin Niu , Yuanhao Wen , Yushi Bai , Zhengxiao Du , Zihan Wang , Zilin Zhu , Bohan Zhang , Bosi Wen , Bowen Wu , Bowen Xu , Can Huang , Casey Zhao , Changpeng Cai , Chao Yu , Chen Li , Chendi Ge , Chenghua Huang , Chenhui Zhang , Chenxi Xu , Chenzheng Zhu , Chuang Li , Congfeng Yin , Daoyan Lin , Dayong Yang , Dazhi Jiang , Ding Ai , Erle Zhu , Fei Wang , Gengzheng Pan , Guo Wang , Hailong Sun , Haitao Li , Haiyang Li , Haiyi Hu , Hanyu Zhang , Hao Peng , Hao Tai , Haoke Zhang , Haoran Wang , Haoyu Yang , He Liu , He Zhao , Hongwei Liu , Hongxi Yan , Huan Liu , Huilong Chen , Ji Li , Jiajing Zhao , Jiamin Ren , Jian Jiao , Jiani Zhao , Jianyang Yan , Jiaqi Wang , Jiayi Gui , Jiayue Zhao , Jie Liu , Jijie Li , Jing Li , Jing Lu , Jingsen Wang , Jingwei Yuan , Jingxuan Li , Jingzhao Du , Jinhua Du , Jinxin Liu , Junkai Zhi , Junli Gao , Ke Wang , Lekang Yang , Liang Xu , Lin Fan , Lindong Wu , Lintao Ding , Lu Wang , Man Zhang , Minghao Li , Minghuan Xu , Mingming Zhao , Mingshu Zhai , Pengfan Du , Qian Dong , Shangde Lei , Shangqing Tu , Shangtong Yang , Shaoyou Lu , Shijie Li , Shuang Li , Shuang-Li , Shuxun Yang , Sibo Yi , Tianshu Yu , Wei Tian , Weihan Wang , Wenbo Yu , Weng Lam Tam , Wenjie Liang , Wentao Liu , Xiao Wang , Xiaohan Jia , Xiaotao Gu , Xiaoying Ling , Xin Wang , Xing Fan , Xingru Pan , Xinyuan Zhang , Xinze Zhang , Xiuqing Fu , Xunkai Zhang , Yabo Xu , Yandong Wu , Yida Lu , Yidong Wang , Yilin Zhou , Yiming Pan , Ying Zhang , Yingli Wang , Yingru Li , Yinpei Su , Yipeng Geng , Yitong Zhu , Yongkun Yang , Yuhang Li , Yuhao Wu , Yujiang Li , Yunan Liu , Yunqing Wang , Yuntao Li , Yuxuan Zhang , Zezhen Liu , Zhen Yang , Zhengda Zhou , Zhongpei Qiao , Zhuoer Feng , Zhuorui Liu , Zichen Zhang , Zihan Wang , Zijun Yao , Zikang Wang , Ziqiang Liu , Ziwei Chai , Zixuan Li , Zuodong Zhao , Wenguang Chen , Jidong Zhai , Bin Xu , Minlie Huang , Hongning Wang , Juanzi Li , Yuxiao Dong , Jie Tang

As the capabilities of large language models (LLMs) continue to expand, aligning these models with human values remains a significant challenge. Recent studies show that reasoning abilities contribute significantly to model safety, while…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Zhili Liu , Yunhao Gou , Kai Chen , Lanqing Hong , Jiahui Gao , Fei Mi , Yu Zhang , Zhenguo Li , Xin Jiang , Qun Liu , James T. Kwok

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models can achieve promising results with outrageous large amount of parameters but constant computation cost, and thus it has become a trend in model scaling. Still it is a mystery how MoE layers bring quality…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-10 An Yang , Junyang Lin , Rui Men , Chang Zhou , Le Jiang , Xianyan Jia , Ang Wang , Jie Zhang , Jiamang Wang , Yong Li , Di Zhang , Wei Lin , Lin Qu , Jingren Zhou , Hongxia Yang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have become a cornerstone of AI, driving progress across diverse domains such as content creation, search and recommendation systems, and AI-assisted workflows. To alleviate extreme training costs and advancing…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Hanfei Yu , Bei Ouyang , Shwai He , Ang Li , Hao Wang

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architectures enhance the efficiency of large language models by activating only a subset of experts per token. However, standard MoE employs a fixed Top-K routing strategy, leading to redundant computation and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Juntong Wu , Jialiang Cheng , Qishen Yin , Yue Dai , Yuliang Yan , Fuyu Lv , Ou Dan , Li Yuan

The Mixture of Experts (MoE) architecture has become a fundamental building block in state-of-the-art large language models (LLMs), improving domain-specific expertise in LLMs and scaling model capacity without proportionally increasing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Ankit Jyothish , Ali Jannesari , Aishwarya Sarkar , Joseph Zuber

We introduce Mixtral 8x7B, a Sparse Mixture of Experts (SMoE) language model. Mixtral has the same architecture as Mistral 7B, with the difference that each layer is composed of 8 feedforward blocks (i.e. experts). For every token, at each…

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models improve the efficiency and scalability of dense language models by routing each token to a small number of experts in each layer. In this paper, we show how an adversary that can arrange for their queries to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-31 Itay Yona , Ilia Shumailov , Jamie Hayes , Nicholas Carlini

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities across various vision-language tasks. However, a generalist MLLM typically underperforms compared with a specialist MLLM on most VL tasks, which can be…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-18 Leyang Shen , Gongwei Chen , Rui Shao , Weili Guan , Liqiang Nie

Recently, Large Language Models (LLMs) with Mixture of Experts (MoE) layers have gained significant attention. Currently, state-of-the-art LLMs utilize this architecture. There is a substantial amount of research on how to train such models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Andrei Chernov

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) enables efficient scaling of large language models by activating only a subset of experts per input token. However, deploying MoE-based models incurs significant memory overhead due to the need to retain all experts…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Geng Zhang , Yuxuan Han , Yuxuan Lou , Yiqi Zhang , Wangbo Zhao , Yang You

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved significant success in various natural language processing tasks, but how wireless communications can support LLMs has not been extensively studied. In this paper, we propose a wireless distributed…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-05-07 Nan Xue , Yaping Sun , Zhiyong Chen , Meixia Tao , Xiaodong Xu , Liang Qian , Shuguang Cui , Ping Zhang

TeleChat3-MoE is the latest series of TeleChat large language models, featuring a Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architecture with parameter counts ranging from 105 billion to over one trillion,trained end-to-end on Ascend NPU cluster. This…

The Mixture of Experts (MoE) architecture enables the scaling of Large Language Models (LLMs) to trillions of parameters by activating a sparse subset of weights for each input, maintaining constant computational cost during inference.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Shihao Ji , Zihui Song

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) has become a prominent paradigm for scaling Large Language Models (LLMs). Parameter-efficient fine-tuning methods, such as LoRA, are widely adopted to adapt pretrained MoE LLMs to downstream tasks. However, existing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Guanzhi Deng , Bo Li , Ronghao Chen , Xiujin Liu , Zhuo Han , Huacan Wang , Lijie Wen , Linqi Song