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Related papers: RUBIES: A Spectroscopic Census of Little Red Dots;…

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JWST observations have identified a class of enigmatic sources known as "Little Red Dots" (LRDs). These have been interpreted as a distinct class of active galactic nuclei (AGN) and host galaxies, potentially involving "quasi-stars" or…

JWST has unveiled an abundant population of compact broad-line emitters largely at $z\gtrsim4$, the Little Red Dots (LRDs), which might represent a previously unprobed supermassive black hole evolution channel predominant at high redshift.…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2026-05-15 Kevin Park , Alberto Torralba , Jorryt Matthee , Sara Mascia , Zoltán Haiman , Rohan P. Naidu , Anna de Graaff

We present the Red Unknowns: Bright Infrared Extragalactic Survey (RUBIES), providing JWST/NIRSpec spectroscopy of red sources selected across ~150 arcmin$^2$ from public JWST/NIRCam imaging in the UDS and EGS fields. RUBIES novel observing…

Among the most puzzling early discoveries of JWST are "Little Red Dots" -- compact red sources that host broad Balmer emission lines and, in many cases, exhibit a "V shaped" change in slope in the rest-optical. The physical properties of…

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) has recently discovered a population of compact, red sources at z > 4 known as "Little Red Dots" (LRDs). They are characterized by their V-shaped continuum spectra and prominent broad Balmer emission…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2026-05-13 Weiyu Ding , Xu Kong , Wei-Jian Guo , Hu Zou , Jialai Wang , Fujia Li , Hongxin Zhang , Jie Song , Jingyi Zhang , Niu Li , Wen-Xiong Li

The JWST discovery of ``little red dots'' (LRDs) is reshaping our picture of the early Universe, yet the physical mechanisms driving their compact size and UV-optical colors remain elusive. Here we report an unusually bright LRD ($z=3.1$)…

James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) has revealed a population of red and compact objects with a unique V-shape SED at z >= 4 known as Little Red Dots (LRDs). Most of the LRDs with existing spectral observations exhibit broad Balmer lines and…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2026-01-06 Zijian Zhang , Linhua Jiang , Weiyang Liu , Luis C. Ho , Kohei Inayoshi

Recent observations by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) have revealed a puzzling population of optically red and compact galaxies with peculiar "V"-shaped spectra at high redshift, known as "Little Red Dots" (LRDs). Until now, most…

The identification of red, apparently massive galaxies at $z>7$ in early JWST photometry suggests a strongly accelerated timeline compared to standard models of galaxy growth. A major uncertainty in the interpretation is whether the red…

Little Red Dots (LRDs) are a new class of compact extragalactic objects, with a v-shaped optical spectral energy distribution breaking close to the Balmer break wavelength, and broad, typically exponentially-shaped lines. They are believed…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2025-10-09 G. P. Nikopoulos , D. Watson , A. Sneppen , V. Rusakov , K. E. Heintz , J. Witstok , G. Brammer

We compile JWST/NIRSpec prism and MIRI data for 249 Little Red Dots (LRDs) at 2.3<z<9.3, forming a representative spectroscopic subset of NIRCam-selected LRDs. We derive a median stacked spectrum covering rest-frame 0.09-1.2 $\mu$m, with…

Recently, a large number of compact sources at $z > 4$ with blue UV slopes and extremely red rest-frame optical slopes have been found in James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) extragalactic surveys. As a subsample of these sources, commonly…

JWST has revealed a population of compact `Little Red Dots' (LRDs) at $z\gtrsim4$, with red rest-frame optical and blue UV colors. These objects are likely compact dusty starbursts or heavily reddened AGNs, playing a pivotal role in early…

Among the most remarkable results from JWST is the discovery of abundant, compact, and very red sources in the early Universe known as "Little Red Dots" (LRDs). The relative degree to which starlight and active galactic nuclei (AGN) drive…

Little Red Dots (LRDs) are some the most intriguing galaxy populations recently identified at z>~4 with JWST. They constitute the most extreme class of a more abundant population of sources with `V-shaped' spectral energy distributions…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2026-04-20 Euclid Collaboration , A. A. Tumborang , K. I. Caputi , P. Rinaldi , L. Bisigello , G. Girardi , E. Iani , R. Bouwens , R. Navarro-Carrera , G. Desprez , R. A. Cooper , Y. Fu , Y. Toba , J. Matthee , B. Milvang-Jensen , P. G. Perez-Gonzalez , F. Ricci , G. Rodighiero , J. Schaye , F. Tarsitano , G. Zamorani , M. Baes , C. M. Gutierrez , H. Hoekstra , K. Jahnke , D. Scott , D. Stern , B. Altieri , S. Andreon , N. Auricchio , C. Baccigalupi , M. Baldi , A. Balestra , S. Bardelli , P. Battaglia , A. Biviano , E. Branchini , M. Brescia , S. Camera , V. Capobianco , C. Carbone , J. Carretero , S. Casas , M. Castellano , G. Castignani , S. Cavuoti , K. C. Chambers , A. Cimatti , C. Colodro-Conde , G. Congedo , C. J. Conselice , L. Conversi , Y. Copin , F. Courbin , H. M. Courtois , M. Cropper , J. -G. Cuby , A. Da Silva , H. Degaudenzi , G. De Lucia , H. Dole , M. Douspis , F. Dubath , X. Dupac , M. Farina , R. Farinelli , F. Faustini , S. Ferriol , F. Finelli , S. Fotopoulou , N. Fourmanoit , M. Frailis , E. Franceschi , M. Fumana , S. Galeotta , K. George , B. Gillis , C. Giocoli , J. Gracia-Carpio , A. Grazian , F. Grupp , S. V. H. Haugan , W. Holmes , I. M. Hook , F. Hormuth , A. Hornstrup , M. Jhabvala , B. Joachimi , S. Kermiche , A. Kiessling , B. Kubik , M. Kümmel , M. Kunz , H. Kurki-Suonio , A. M. C. Le Brun , S. Ligori , P. B. Lilje , V. Lindholm , I. Lloro , G. Mainetti , E. Maiorano , O. Mansutti , S. Marcin , O. Marggraf , M. Martinelli , N. Martinet , F. Marulli , R. J. Massey , E. Medinaceli , S. Mei , M. Meneghetti , E. Merlin , G. Meylan , A. Mora , M. Moresco , L. Moscardini , C. Neissner , R. C. Nichol , S. -M. Niemi , J. W. Nightingale , C. Padilla , S. Paltani , F. Pasian , K. Pedersen , W. J. Percival , V. Pettorino , S. Pires , G. Polenta , M. Poncet , L. A. Popa , L. Pozzetti , F. Raison , A. Renzi , J. Rhodes , G. Riccio , E. Romelli , M. Roncarelli , B. Rusholme , R. Saglia , Z. Sakr , D. Sapone , M. Schirmer , P. Schneider , T. Schrabback , A. Secroun , G. Seidel , E. Sihvola , P. Simon , C. Sirignano , G. Sirri , L. Stanco , P. Tallada-Crespí , A. N. Taylor , H. I. Teplitz , I. Tereno , N. Tessore , S. Toft , R. Toledo-Moreo , F. Torradeflot , I. Tutusaus , L. Valenziano , J. Valiviita , T. Vassallo , G. Verdoes Kleijn , A. Veropalumbo , Y. Wang , J. Weller , F. M. Zerbi , E. Zucca , M. Huertas-Company , J. Martín-Fleitas , V. Scottez

We analyze 99 photometrically selected Little Red Dots (LRDs) at $z \approx 4-8$ in the GOODS fields, leveraging ultra-deep JADES NIRCam short-wavelength (SW) data. We examine the morphology of 30 LRDs, while the remaining 69 appear…

The origin of the rest-optical emission of compact, red, high-redshift sources known as `little red dots' (LRDs) poses a major puzzle. If interpreted as starlight, it would imply that LRDs would constitute the densest stellar systems in the…

JWST has revealed a substantial population of "Little Red Dots" (LRDs) at $z>4$, challenging conventional AGN frameworks. However, the low-redshift regime remains largely unexplored. In the second paper of the (LRDs)$^2$ series, we present…

Recent James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) observations have revealed a population of sources with a compact morphology and a characteristic `v-shaped' continuum, namely blue at rest-frame $\lambda<4000$A and red at longer wavelengths. The…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2025-11-05 Euclid Collaboration , L. Bisigello , G. Rodighiero , S. Fotopoulou , F. Ricci , K. Jahnke , A. Feltre , V. Allevato , F. Shankar , P. Cassata , E. Dalla Bontà , G. Gandolfi , G. Girardi , M. Giulietti , A. Grazian , C. C. Lovell , R. Maiolino , T. Matamoro Zatarain , M. Mezcua , I. Prandoni , D. Roberts , W. Roster , M. Salvato , M. Siudek , F. Tarsitano , Y. Toba , A. Vietri , L. Wang , G. Zamorani , M. Baes , S. Belladitta , A. Nersesian , L. Spinoglio , X. Lopez Lopez , N. Aghanim , B. Altieri , A. Amara , S. Andreon , N. Auricchio , H. Aussel , C. Baccigalupi , M. Baldi , A. Balestra , S. Bardelli , A. Basset , P. Battaglia , R. Bender , A. Biviano , A. Bonchi , E. Branchini , M. Brescia , J. Brinchmann , S. Camera , G. Cañas-Herrera , V. Capobianco , C. Carbone , J. Carretero , S. Casas , M. Castellano , G. Castignani , S. Cavuoti , K. C. Chambers , A. Cimatti , C. Colodro-Conde , G. Congedo , C. J. Conselice , L. Conversi , Y. Copin , F. Courbin , H. M. Courtois , M. Cropper , A. Da Silva , H. Degaudenzi , G. De Lucia , A. M. Di Giorgio , C. Dolding , H. Dole , F. Dubath , C. A. J. Duncan , X. Dupac , S. Dusini , A. Ealet , S. Escoffier , M. Farina , R. Farinelli , F. Faustini , S. Ferriol , F. Finelli , M. Frailis , E. Franceschi , S. Galeotta , K. George , W. Gillard , B. Gillis , C. Giocoli , P. Gómez-Alvarez , J. Gracia-Carpio , B. R. Granett , F. Grupp , S. Gwyn , S. V. H. Haugan , H. Hoekstra , W. Holmes , I. M. Hook , F. Hormuth , A. Hornstrup , P. Hudelot , M. Jhabvala , E. Keihänen , S. Kermiche , A. Kiessling , B. Kubik , M. Kümmel , M. Kunz , H. Kurki-Suonio , Q. Le Boulc'h , A. M. C. Le Brun , D. Le Mignant , P. Liebing , S. Ligori , P. B. Lilje , V. Lindholm , I. Lloro , G. Mainetti , D. Maino , E. Maiorano , O. Mansutti , S. Marcin , O. Marggraf , M. Martinelli , N. Martinet , F. Marulli , R. Massey , S. Maurogordato , E. Medinaceli , S. Mei , M. Melchior , Y. Mellier , M. Meneghetti , E. Merlin , G. Meylan , A. Mora , M. Moresco , L. Moscardini , R. Nakajima , C. Neissner , S. -M. Niemi , J. W. Nightingale , C. Padilla , S. Paltani , F. Pasian , K. Pedersen , W. J. Percival , V. Pettorino , S. Pires , G. Polenta , M. Poncet , L. A. Popa , L. Pozzetti , F. Raison , R. Rebolo , A. Renzi , J. Rhodes , G. Riccio , E. Romelli , M. Roncarelli , E. Rossetti , H. J. A. Rottgering , B. Rusholme , R. Saglia , Z. Sakr , D. Sapone , B. Sartoris , J. A. Schewtschenko , M. Schirmer , P. Schneider , T. Schrabback , M. Scodeggio , A. Secroun , G. Seidel , S. Serrano , P. Simon , C. Sirignano , G. Sirri , L. Stanco , J. Steinwagner , P. Tallada-Crespí , A. N. Taylor , H. I. Teplitz , I. Tereno , S. Toft , R. Toledo-Moreo , F. Torradeflot , I. Tutusaus , L. Valenziano , J. Valiviita , T. Vassallo , G. Verdoes Kleijn , A. Veropalumbo , Y. Wang , J. Weller , A. Zacchei , F. M. Zerbi , I. A. Zinchenko , E. Zucca , M. Ballardini , M. Bolzonella , E. Bozzo , C. Burigana , R. Cabanac , A. Cappi , D. Di Ferdinando , J. A. Escartin Vigo , L. Gabarra , M. Huertas-Company , J. Martín-Fleitas , S. Matthew , M. Maturi , N. Mauri , A. Pezzotta , M. Pöntinen , C. Porciani , I. Risso , V. Scottez , M. Sereno , M. Tenti , M. Viel , M. Wiesmann , Y. Akrami , I. T. Andika , S. Anselmi , M. Archidiacono , F. Atrio-Barandela , C. Benoist , K. Benson , D. Bertacca , M. Bethermin , A. Blanchard , L. Blot , M. L. Brown , S. Bruton , A. Calabro , F. Caro , C. S. Carvalho , T. Castro , Y. Charles , F. Cogato , T. Contini , A. R. Cooray , O. Cucciati , S. Davini , F. De Paolis , G. Desprez , A. Díaz-Sánchez , J. J. Diaz , S. Di Domizio , J. M. Diego , A. Enia , Y. Fang , A. G. Ferrari , P. G. Ferreira , A. Finoguenov , A. Fontana , F. Fontanot , A. Franco , K. Ganga , J. García-Bellido , T. Gasparetto , V. Gautard , E. Gaztanaga , F. Giacomini , F. Gianotti , G. Gozaliasl , M. Guidi , C. M. Gutierrez , A. Hall , W. G. Hartley , S. Hemmati , C. Hernández-Monteagudo , H. Hildebrandt , J. Hjorth , J. J. E. Kajava , Y. Kang , V. Kansal , D. Karagiannis , K. Kiiveri , C. C. Kirkpatrick , S. Kruk , J. Le Graet , L. Legrand , M. Lembo , F. Lepori , G. Leroy , G. F. Lesci , J. Lesgourgues , L. Leuzzi , T. I. Liaudat , A. Loureiro , J. Macias-Perez , G. Maggio , M. Magliocchetti , E. A. Magnier , C. Mancini , F. Mannucci , R. Maoli , C. J. A. P. Martins , L. Maurin , M. Miluzio , P. Monaco , C. Moretti , G. Morgante , S. Nadathur , K. Naidoo , A. Navarro-Alsina , S. Nesseris , F. Passalacqua , K. Paterson , L. Patrizii , A. Pisani , D. Potter , S. Quai , M. Radovich , P. -F. Rocci , S. Sacquegna , M. Sahlén , D. B. Sanders , E. Sarpa , C. Scarlata , J. Schaye , A. Schneider , D. Sciotti , E. Sellentin , A. Shulevski , L. C. Smith , K. Tanidis , C. Tao , G. Testera , R. Teyssier , S. Tosi , A. Troja , M. Tucci , C. Valieri , A. Venhola , D. Vergani , G. Verza , P. Vielzeuf , A. Viitanen , N. A. Walton , J. R. Weaver , E. Soubrie , D. Scott
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