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Task-based chatbots are software, typically embedded in real-world applications, that assist users in completing tasks through a conversational interface. As chatbots are gaining popularity, effectively assessing their quality has become…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Diego Clerissi , Elena Masserini , Daniela Micucci , Leonardo Mariani

Conversational AI chatbots are transforming industries by streamlining customer service, automating transactions, and enhancing user engagement. However, evaluating these systems remains a challenge, particularly in financial services,…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Shailja Gupta , Rajesh Ranjan , Surya Narayan Singh

Companion chatbots offer a potential solution to the growing epidemic of loneliness, but their impact on users' psychosocial well-being remains poorly understood, raising critical ethical questions about their deployment and design. This…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Auren R. Liu , Pat Pataranutaporn , Pattie Maes

Conversational chatbots are Artificial Intelligence (AI)-powered applications that assist users with various tasks by responding in natural language and are prevalent across different industries. Most of the chatbots that we encounter on…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2020-12-17 Sarada Devaram

Audits are critical mechanisms for identifying the risks and limitations of deployed artificial intelligence (AI) systems. However, the effective execution of AI audits remains incredibly difficult, and practitioners often need to make use…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Victor Ojewale , Ryan Steed , Briana Vecchione , Abeba Birhane , Inioluwa Deborah Raji

Many people suffer from mental health problems but not everyone seeks professional help or has access to mental health care. AI chatbots have increasingly become a go-to for individuals who either have mental disorders or simply want…

Other Quantitative Biology · Quantitative Biology 2025-11-03 Aditya Naik , Jovi Thomas , Teja Sree Mandava , Himavanth Reddy Vemula

Background: Empathy is widely recognized for improving patient outcomes, including reduced pain and anxiety and improved satisfaction, and its absence can cause harm. Meanwhile, use of artificial intelligence (AI)-based chatbots in…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Alastair Howcroft , Amber Bennett-Weston , Ahmad Khan , Joseff Griffiths , Simon Gay , Jeremy Howick

Chatbots, the common moniker for collaborative assistants, are Artificial Intelligence (AI) software that enables people to naturally interact with them to get tasks done. Although chatbots have been studied since the dawn of AI, they have…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-09-15 Biplav Srivastava , Kausik Lakkaraju , Tarmo Koppel , Vignesh Narayanan , Ashish Kundu , Sachindra Joshi

AI chatbots are becoming a primary interface for seeking information. As their popularity grows, chatbot providers are starting to deploy advertising and analytics. Despite this, tracking on AI chatbots has not been systematically studied.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Muhammad Jazlan , Ethan Wang , Yash Vekaria , Zubair Shafiq

Conversation agents, commonly referred to as chatbots, are increasingly deployed in many domains to allow people to have a natural interaction while trying to solve a specific problem. Given their widespread use, it is important to provide…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2020-10-13 Biplav Srivastava , Francesca Rossi , Sheema Usmani , and Mariana Bernagozzi

The conversational nature of chatbots poses challenges to designers since their development is different from other software and requires investigating new practices in the context of human-AI interaction and their impact on user…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-01-18 Geovana Ramos Sousa Silva , Edna Dias Canedo

Previous researches on dialogue system assessment usually focus on the quality evaluation (e.g. fluency, relevance, etc) of responses generated by the chatbots, which are local and technical metrics. For a chatbot which responds to millions…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-01-17 Yong Shan , Jinchao Zhang , Zekang Li , Yang Feng , Jie Zhou

Millions of users turn to consumer AI chatbots to discuss mental health and behavioral concerns. While this presents unprecedented opportunities to deliver population-level support, it also highlights an urgent need for rigorous and…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2026-03-10 Veith Weilnhammer , Kevin YC Hou , Lennart Luettgau , Christopher Summerfield , Raymond Dolan , Matthew M Nour

Large language models (LLMs) have displayed massive improvements in reasoning and decision-making skills and can hold natural conversations with users. Many recent works seek to augment LLM-based assistants with external tools so they can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-21 Nicholas Farn , Richard Shin

We introduce WebGames, a comprehensive benchmark suite designed to evaluate general-purpose web-browsing AI agents through a collection of 50+ interactive challenges. These challenges are specifically crafted to be straightforward for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-26 George Thomas , Alex J. Chan , Jikun Kang , Wenqi Wu , Filippos Christianos , Fraser Greenlee , Andy Toulis , Marvin Purtorab

Existing benchmarks that assess Language Models (LMs) as Language Agents (LAs) for tool use primarily focus on stateless, single-turn interactions or partial evaluations, such as tool selection in a single turn, overlooking the inherent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Hongru Wang , Wenyu Huang , Yufei Wang , Yuanhao Xi , Jianqiao Lu , Huan Zhang , Nan Hu , Zeming Liu , Jeff Z. Pan , Kam-Fai Wong

Chatbots are intelligent conversational computer systems designed to mimic human conversation to enable automated online guidance and support. The increased benefits of chatbots led to their wide adoption by many industries in order to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-01-19 Guendalina Caldarini , Sardar Jaf , Kenneth McGarry

Driven by ongoing improvements in machine learning, chatbots have increasingly grown from experimental interface prototypes to reliable and robust tools for process automation. Building on these advances, companies have identified various…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-02-02 Alessandro Casadei , Stephan Schlögl , Markus Bergmann

Publicly deploying research chatbots is a nuanced topic involving necessary risk-benefit analyses. While there have recently been frequent discussions on whether it is responsible to deploy such models, there has been far less focus on the…

Artificial Intelligence (AI) chatbots are increasingly used for emotional, creative, and social support, leading to sustained and routine user interaction with these systems. As these applications evolve through frequent version updates,…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Sirajam Munira , Lydia Manikonda
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