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Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) has advanced the reasoning capabilities of large language models. However, existing methods rely solely on outcome rewards, without explicitly optimizing verification or leveraging…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Yiyang Jin , Kunzhao Xu , Hang Li , Xueting Han , Yanmin Zhou , Cheng Li , Jing Bai

Large language models (LLMs) have exhibited impressive capabilities across a myriad of tasks, yet they occasionally yield undesirable outputs. We posit that these limitations are rooted in the foundational autoregressive architecture of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Cheng Yang , Chufan Shi , Siheng Li , Bo Shui , Yujiu Yang , Wai Lam

We introduce ToRL (Tool-Integrated Reinforcement Learning), a framework for training large language models (LLMs) to autonomously use computational tools via reinforcement learning. Unlike supervised fine-tuning, ToRL allows models to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Xuefeng Li , Haoyang Zou , Pengfei Liu

Video-based large language models (Video-LLMs) have been recently introduced, targeting both fundamental improvements in perception and comprehension, and a diverse range of user inquiries. In pursuit of the ultimate goal of achieving…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-29 Munan Ning , Bin Zhu , Yujia Xie , Bin Lin , Jiaxi Cui , Lu Yuan , Dongdong Chen , Li Yuan

Advanced Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) struggle with recent Knowledge-based VQA tasks, such as INFOSEEK and Encyclopedic-VQA, due to their limited and frozen knowledge scope, often leading to ambiguous and inaccurate responses.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-11-25 Tao Zhang , Ziqi Zhang , Zongyang Ma , Yuxin Chen , Zhongang Qi , Chunfeng Yuan , Bing Li , Junfu Pu , Yuxuan Zhao , Zehua Xie , Jin Ma , Ying Shan , Weiming Hu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown promising capabilities for solving Operations Research (OR) problems. While reinforcement learning serves as a powerful paradigm for LLM training on OR problems, existing works generally face two key…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Chenyu Zhou , Tianyi Xu , Jianghao Lin , Dongdong Ge

Reflection, the ability of large language models (LLMs) to evaluate and revise their own reasoning, has been widely used to improve performance on complex reasoning tasks. Yet, most prior works emphasizes designing reflective prompting…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-12 Fu-Chieh Chang , Yu-Ting Lee , Pei-Yuan Wu

Multimodal LLMs (MLLMs) are the natural extension of large language models to handle multimodal inputs, combining text and image data. They have recently garnered attention due to their capability to address complex tasks involving both…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-03 Federico Cocchi , Nicholas Moratelli , Marcella Cornia , Lorenzo Baraldi , Rita Cucchiara

By augmenting Large Language Models (LLMs) with external tools, their capacity to solve complex problems has been significantly enhanced. However, despite ongoing advancements in the parsing capabilities of LLMs, incorporating all available…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-24 Hang Gao , Yongfeng Zhang

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards(RLVR) has demonstrated great potential in enhancing the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs). However, its success has thus far been largely confined to the mathematical and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Mengyu Zhang , Siyu Ding , Weichong Yin , Yu Sun , Hua Wu

Deep research agents increasingly automate complex information-seeking tasks, producing evidence-grounded reports via multi-step reasoning, tool use, and synthesis. Their growing role demands scalable, reliable evaluation, positioning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Leyao Wang , Yanan He , Peng Chen , Asaf Yehudai , Yixin Liu , Rex Ying , Michal Shmueli-Scheuer , Arman Cohan

Large Language Model (LLM) agents significantly extend the capabilities of standalone LLMs, empowering them to interact with external tools (e.g., APIs, functions) and complete various tasks in a self-directed fashion. The challenge of tool…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-02-19 Weizhou Shen , Chenliang Li , Hongzhan Chen , Ming Yan , Xiaojun Quan , Hehong Chen , Ji Zhang , Fei Huang

Recently, tool learning with large language models (LLMs) has emerged as a promising paradigm for augmenting the capabilities of LLMs to tackle highly complex problems. Despite growing attention and rapid advancements in this field, the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Changle Qu , Sunhao Dai , Xiaochi Wei , Hengyi Cai , Shuaiqiang Wang , Dawei Yin , Jun Xu , Ji-Rong Wen

Recent years have witnessed growing interest in applying Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) to Machine Translation (MT). Existing approaches predominantly adopt a "think-first-then-translate" paradigm. Although explicit reasoning trajectories…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Kunquan Li , Yingxue Zhang , Fandong Meng , Jinsong Su

Large Language Models (LLMs) have displayed massive improvements in reasoning and decision-making skills and can hold natural conversations with users. Recently, many tool-use benchmark datasets have been proposed. However, existing…

The exponential increase in software vulnerabilities has created an urgent need for automatic vulnerability repair (AVR) solutions. Recent research has formulated AVR as a sequence generation problem and has leveraged large language models…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Xin-Cheng Wen , Zirui Lin , Yijun Yang , Cuiyun Gao , Deheng Ye

We present ControlLLM, a novel framework that enables large language models (LLMs) to utilize multi-modal tools for solving complex real-world tasks. Despite the remarkable performance of LLMs, they still struggle with tool invocation due…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Zhaoyang Liu , Zeqiang Lai , Zhangwei Gao , Erfei Cui , Ziheng Li , Xizhou Zhu , Lewei Lu , Qifeng Chen , Yu Qiao , Jifeng Dai , Wenhai Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have exploded a new heatwave of AI for their ability to engage end-users in human-level conversations with detailed and articulate answers across many knowledge domains. In response to their fast adoption in…

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has become a widely adopted technique for enhancing the reasoning ability of Large Language Models (LLMs). However, the effectiveness of RLVR strongly depends on the capability of base…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Zishang Jiang , Jinyi Han , Tingyun Li , Xinyi Wang , Sihang Jiang , Jiaqing Liang , Zhaoqian Dai , Shuguang Ma , Fei Yu , Yanghua Xiao

Recently, large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable reasoning capabilities via large-scale reinforcement learning (RL). However, leveraging the RL algorithm to empower effective multi-tool collaborative reasoning in LLMs remains an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Guanting Dong , Yifei Chen , Xiaoxi Li , Jiajie Jin , Hongjin Qian , Yutao Zhu , Hangyu Mao , Guorui Zhou , Zhicheng Dou , Ji-Rong Wen