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Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) has emerged as a predominant alignment method for diffusion models, facilitating off-policy training without explicit reward modeling. However, its reliance on large-scale, high-quality human preference…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Khiem Pham , Quang Nguyen , Tung Nguyen , Jingsen Zhu , Michele Santacatterina , Dimitris Metaxas , Ramin Zabih

Protein inverse folding is a fundamental problem in bioinformatics, aiming to recover the amino acid sequences from a given protein backbone structure. Despite the success of existing methods, they struggle to fully capture the intricate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-13 Chenglin Wang , Yucheng Zhou , Zijie Zhai , Jianbing Shen , Kai Zhang

In the post-training of large language models (LLMs), Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) is an effective approach to achieve generation aligned with human preferences. Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) allows for policy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Motoki Omura , Yasuhiro Fujita , Toshiki Kataoka

Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) is a widely adopted offline algorithm for preference-based reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF), designed to improve training simplicity and stability by redefining reward functions.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Gengxu Li , Tingyu Xia , Yi Chang , Yuan Wu

Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) is an effective framework for aligning large language models with human preferences, but it struggles with complex reasoning tasks. DPO optimizes for the likelihood of generating preferred over…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Darsh Kachroo , Adriana Caraeni , Arjun Prasaath Anbazhagan , Brennan Lagasse , Kevin Zhu

Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) has become a popular method for fine-tuning large language models (LLMs) due to its stability and simplicity. However, it is also known to be sensitive to noise in the data and prone to overfitting.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Cheol Woo Kim , Shresth Verma , Mauricio Tec , Milind Tambe

Many algorithms for aligning LLMs with human preferences assume that human preferences are binary and deterministic. However, human preferences can vary across individuals, and therefore should be represented distributionally. In this work,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-31 Hiroki Furuta , Kuang-Huei Lee , Shixiang Shane Gu , Yutaka Matsuo , Aleksandra Faust , Heiga Zen , Izzeddin Gur

We consider the problem of antibody sequence design given 3D structural information. Building on previous work, we propose a fine-tuned inverse folding model that is specifically optimised for antibody structures and outperforms generic…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2023-10-31 Frédéric A. Dreyer , Daniel Cutting , Constantin Schneider , Henry Kenlay , Charlotte M. Deane

Large Protein Language Models have shown strong potential for generative protein design, yet they frequently produce structural hallucinations, generating sequences with high linguistic likelihood that fold into thermodynamically unstable…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-05 QiWei Meng

Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) has been widely adopted for large language model alignment due to its simple training procedure and lack of an explicit reward model. However, in iterative DPO, when the policy model from the previous…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Lingling Fu , Yongfu Xu

Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) and its variants have become standard for aligning Large Language Models due to their simplicity and offline stability. However, we identify two fundamental limitations. First, the optimal policy depends…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Yu Li , Tian Lan , Zhengling Qi

Offline paired preference optimization algorithms have become a popular approach for fine-tuning on preference data, outperforming traditional supervised fine-tuning in various tasks. However, traditional implementations often involve…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Franklin Wang , Sumanth Hegde

Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) is a method for enhancing model performance by directly optimizing for the preferences or rankings of outcomes, instead of traditional loss functions. This approach has proven effective in aligning Large…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-18 Ruoyu Wang , Jiachen Sun , Shaowei Hua , Quan Fang

Direct preference optimization (DPO) is a form of reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF) where the policy is learned directly from preferential feedback. Although many models of human preferences exist, the critical task of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Branislav Kveton , Xintong Li , Julian McAuley , Ryan Rossi , Jingbo Shang , Junda Wu , Tong Yu

Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) is a widely used RL-free method for aligning language models from pairwise preferences, but it models preferences over full sequences even though generation is driven by per-token decisions. Existing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Truong Nguyen , Tien-Phat Nguyen , Linh Ngo Van , Duy Minh Ho Nguyen , Khoa D. Doan , Trung Le

Instruction following (IF) is a critical capability for large language models (LLMs). However, handling complex instructions with multiple constraints remains challenging. Previous methods typically select preference pairs based on the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Xiang Huang , Ting-En Lin , Feiteng Fang , Yuchuan Wu , Hangyu Li , Yuzhong Qu , Fei Huang , Yongbin Li

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated unprecedented generative capabilities, yet their alignment with human values remains critical for ensuring helpful and harmless deployments. While Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback…

Inverse protein folding is challenging due to its inherent one-to-many mapping characteristic, where numerous possible amino acid sequences can fold into a single, identical protein backbone. This task involves not only identifying viable…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2023-11-08 Kai Yi , Bingxin Zhou , Yiqing Shen , Pietro Liò , Yu Guang Wang

Direct preference optimization (DPO) has shown success in aligning diffusion models with human preference. Previous approaches typically assume a consistent preference label between final generations and noisy samples at intermediate steps,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-05 Jie Ren , Yuhang Zhang , Dongrui Liu , Xiaopeng Zhang , Qi Tian

Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) is a principled, scalable alternative to RLHF for aligning large language models from pairwise preferences, but its internal geometric footprint remains undercharacterized, limiting audits, checkpoint…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Arion Das , Partha Pratim Saha , Amit Dhanda , Vinija Jain , Aman Chadha , Amitava Das