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WARNING: This paper contains examples of offensive materials. To address the proliferation of toxic content on social media, we introduce SMARTER, we introduce SMARTER, a data-efficient two-stage framework for explainable content moderation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Huy Nghiem , Advik Sachdeva , Hal Daumé

Large language models pretrained on extensive web corpora demonstrate remarkable performance across a wide range of downstream tasks. However, a growing concern is data contamination, where evaluation datasets may be contained in the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-12 Medha Palavalli , Amanda Bertsch , Matthew R. Gormley

With the increasing demand for substantial amounts of high-quality data to train large language models (LLMs), efficiently filtering large web corpora has become a critical challenge. For this purpose, KenLM, a lightweight n-gram-based…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-17 Yungi Kim , Hyunsoo Ha , Sukyung Lee , Jihoo Kim , Seonghoon Yang , Chanjun Park

Large pre-trained language models are often trained on large volumes of internet data, some of which may contain toxic or abusive language. Consequently, language models encode toxic information, which makes the real-world usage of these…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-16 Andrew Wang , Mohit Sudhakar , Yangfeng Ji

Despite their strong performance, large language models (LLMs) face challenges in real-world application of lexical simplification (LS), particularly in privacy-sensitive and resource-constrained environments. Moreover, since vulnerable…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Akio Hayakawa , Stefan Bott , Horacio Saggion

Text detoxification is a conditional text generation task aiming to remove offensive content from toxic text. It is highly useful for online forums and social media, where offensive content is frequently encountered. Intuitively, there are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-16 Griffin Floto , Mohammad Mahdi Abdollah Pour , Parsa Farinneya , Zhenwei Tang , Ali Pesaranghader , Manasa Bharadwaj , Scott Sanner

Large language models (LLMs) frequently generate toxic content, posing significant risks for safe deployment. Current mitigation strategies often degrade generation quality or require costly human annotation. We propose CAUSALDETOX, a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Yian Wang , Yuen Chen , Agam Goyal , Hari Sundaram

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved strong performance across a wide range of natural language processing tasks. However, deploying LLMs at scale for domain specific applications, such as job-person fit and explanation in job seeking…

Large Language Models (LLMs) unlearning is crucial for removing hazardous or privacy-leaking information from the model. Practical LLM unlearning demands satisfying multiple challenging objectives simultaneously: removing undesirable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Yisheng Zhong , Sijia Liu , Zhuangdi Zhu

Large language models (LLMs) exhibit exceptional performance but pose inherent risks of generating toxic content, restricting their safe deployment. While traditional methods (e.g., alignment) adjust output preferences, they fail to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Zenghao Duan , Zhiyi Yin , Zhichao Shi , Liang Pang , Shaoling Jing , Zihe Huang , Jiayi Wu , Yu Yan , Jingcheng Deng , Huawei Shen , Xueqi Cheng

Automatically extracting effective queries is challenging in information retrieval, especially in toxic content exploration, as such content is likely to be disguised. With the recent achievements in generative Large Language Model (LLM),…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-02-27 Shaola Ren , Li Ke , Longtao Huang , Dehong Gao , Hui Xue

To enhance Large Language Models' (LLMs) reliability, calibration is essential -- the model's assessed confidence scores should align with the actual likelihood of its responses being correct. However, current confidence elicitation methods…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Yukun Huang , Yixin Liu , Raghuveer Thirukovalluru , Arman Cohan , Bhuwan Dhingra

We propose the Data Contamination Quiz (DCQ), a simple and effective approach to detect data contamination in large language models (LLMs) and estimate the amount of it. Specifically, we frame data contamination detection as a series of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-29 Shahriar Golchin , Mihai Surdeanu

Large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable promise but remain challenging to continually improve through traditional finetuning, particularly when integrating capabilities from other specialized LLMs. Popular methods like ensemble…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Zhenglun Kong , Zheng Zhan , Shiyue Hou , Yifan Gong , Xin Meng , Pengwei Sui , Peiyan Dong , Xuan Shen , Zifeng Wang , Pu Zhao , Hao Tang , Stratis Ioannidis , Yanzhi Wang

As large language models (LLMs) are widely applied across various fields, model compression has become increasingly crucial for reducing costs and improving inference efficiency. Post-training pruning is a promising method that does not…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Yixin Ji , Yang Xiang , Juntao Li , Qingrong Xia , Ping Li , Xinyu Duan , Zhefeng Wang , Min Zhang

Although large language models (LLMs) have advanced the state-of-the-art in NLP significantly, deploying them for downstream applications is still challenging due to cost, responsiveness, control, or concerns around privacy and security. As…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-01 Dong-Ho Lee , Jay Pujara , Mohit Sewak , Ryen W. White , Sujay Kumar Jauhar

While training large language models (LLMs) from scratch can generate models with distinct functionalities and strengths, it comes at significant costs and may result in redundant capabilities. Alternatively, a cost-effective and compelling…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-23 Fanqi Wan , Xinting Huang , Deng Cai , Xiaojun Quan , Wei Bi , Shuming Shi

Inspired by the power of large language models (LLMs), our research adapts them to quantum federated learning (QFL) to boost efficiency and performance. We propose a federated fine-tuning method that distills an LLM within QFL, allowing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Dev Gurung , Shiva Raj Pokhrel

Many efforts have been made to facilitate natural language processing tasks with pre-trained language models (LMs), and brought significant improvements to various applications. To fully leverage the nearly unlimited corpora and capture…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-09-11 Liyuan Liu , Xiang Ren , Jingbo Shang , Jian Peng , Jiawei Han

Current disfluency detection methods heavily rely on costly and scarce human-annotated data. To tackle this issue, some approaches employ heuristic or statistical features to generate disfluent sentences, partially improving detection…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-07 Zhenrong Cheng , Jiayan Guo , Hao Sun , Yan Zhang