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Model distillation is a fundamental technique in building large language models (LLMs), transferring knowledge from a teacher model to a student model. However, distillation can lead to model homogenization, reducing diversity among models…

The problem of data contamination is now almost inevitable during the development of large language models (LLMs), with the training data commonly integrating those evaluation benchmarks even unintentionally. This problem subsequently makes…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Ruijie Hou , Yueyang Jiao , Hanxu Hu , Yingming Li , Wai Lam , Huajian Zhang , Hongyuan Lu

With the rise of Large Language Models (LLMs) in recent years, abundant new opportunities are emerging, but also new challenges, among which contamination is quickly becoming critical. Business applications and fundraising in Artificial…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-11 Mathieu Ravaut , Bosheng Ding , Fangkai Jiao , Hailin Chen , Xingxuan Li , Ruochen Zhao , Chengwei Qin , Caiming Xiong , Shafiq Joty

We introduce a state-of-the-art approach for URL categorization that leverages the power of Large Language Models (LLMs) to address the primary objectives of web content filtering: safeguarding organizations from legal and ethical risks,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-11 Tamás Vörös , Sean Paul Bergeron , Konstantin Berlin

This study investigates the machine unlearning techniques within the context of large language models (LLMs), referred to as \textit{LLM unlearning}. LLM unlearning offers a principled approach to removing the influence of undesirable data…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Jiahui Geng , Qing Li , Herbert Woisetschlaeger , Zongxiong Chen , Fengyu Cai , Yuxia Wang , Preslav Nakov , Hans-Arno Jacobsen , Fakhri Karray

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success across a wide spectrum of natural language processing tasks. However, their ever-growing scale introduces significant barriers to real-world deployment, including substantial…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Guangxin Wu , Hao Zhang , Zhang Zhibin , Jiafeng Guo , Xueqi Cheng

Text detoxification, a variant of style transfer tasks, finds useful applications in online social media. This work presents a fine-tuning method that only uses non-parallel data to turn large language models (LLM) into a detoxification…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Xinhong Xie , Tao Li , Quanyan Zhu

Due to language models' propensity to generate toxic or hateful responses, several techniques were developed to align model generations with users' preferences. Despite the effectiveness of such methods in improving the safety of model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-06 Daniel Scalena , Gabriele Sarti , Malvina Nissim , Elisabetta Fersini

As high quality public data becomes scarce, Federated Learning (FL) provides a vital pathway to leverage valuable private user data while preserving privacy. However, real-world client data often contains toxic or unsafe information. This…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Shunan Zhu , Jiawei Chen , Yonghao Yu , Hideya Ochiai

Large language models (LLMs) excel in general tasks but struggle with domain-specific ones, requiring fine-tuning with specific data. With many open-source LLMs available, selecting the best model for fine-tuning downstream tasks is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Wei Huang , Huang Wei , Yinggui Wang

Nowadays, billions of people engage in communication and express their opinions on the internet daily. Unfortunately, not all of these expressions are friendly or compliant, making content moderation an indispensable task. A common approach…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-08 Huan Ma , Changqing Zhang , Huazhu Fu , Peilin Zhao , Bingzhe Wu

Recent advances in natural language processing (NLP) have opened up greater opportunities to enable fine-tuned large language models (LLMs) to behave as more powerful interactive agents through improved instruction-following ability.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Jerry Huang , Peng Lu , Qiuhao Zeng

Large language models (LLMs) have been widely used in various applications but are known to suffer from issues related to untruthfulness and toxicity. While parameter-efficient modules (PEMs) have demonstrated their effectiveness in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-19 Xinshuo Hu , Dongfang Li , Baotian Hu , Zihao Zheng , Zhenyu Liu , Min Zhang

Large Language Models (LLM) have made remarkable progress, but concerns about potential biases and harmful content persist. To address these apprehensions, we introduce a practical solution for ensuring LLM's safe and ethical use. Our novel…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-24 Chaima Njeh , Haïfa Nakouri , Fehmi Jaafar

Recently, large language models (LLMs) have emerged as a notable field, attracting significant attention for its ability to automatically generate intelligent contents for various application domains. However, LLMs still suffer from…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-04-29 Kongyang Chen , Zixin Wang , Bing Mi , Waixi Liu , Shaowei Wang , Xiaojun Ren , Jiaxing Shen

Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized many areas of artificial intelligence (AI), but their substantial resource requirements limit their deployment on mobile and edge devices. This survey paper provides a comprehensive overview…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Sanjay Surendranath Girija , Shashank Kapoor , Lakshit Arora , Dipen Pradhan , Aman Raj , Ankit Shetgaonkar

In recent years, compression of large language models (LLMs) has emerged as an important problem to enable language model deployment on resource-constrained devices, reduce computational costs, and mitigate the environmental footprint of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-04 Sean I. Young

We propose a method to control the attributes of Language Models (LMs) for the text generation task using Causal Average Treatment Effect (ATE) scores and counterfactual augmentation. We explore this method, in the context of LM…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-04 Rahul Madhavan , Rishabh Garg , Kahini Wadhawan , Sameep Mehta

While large language models (LLMs) have increasingly been applied to hate speech detoxification, the prompts often trigger safety alerts, causing LLMs to refuse the task. In this study, we systematically investigate false refusal behavior…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Kyuri Im , Shuzhou Yuan , Michael Färber

We explore a knowledge sanitization approach to mitigate the privacy concerns associated with large language models (LLMs). LLMs trained on a large corpus of Web data can memorize and potentially reveal sensitive or confidential…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Yoichi Ishibashi , Hidetoshi Shimodaira