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Processing long contexts presents a significant challenge for large language models (LLMs). While recent advancements allow LLMs to handle much longer contexts than before (e.g., 32K or 128K tokens), it is computationally expensive and can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-10 Hongjin Qian , Zheng Liu , Peitian Zhang , Kelong Mao , Defu Lian , Zhicheng Dou , Tiejun Huang

Medical question answering (QA) requires extensive access to domain-specific knowledge. A promising direction is to enhance large language models (LLMs) with external knowledge retrieved from medical corpora or parametric knowledge stored…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Lei Li , Xiao Zhou , Yingying Zhang , Xian Wu

With the rapid growth of scientific literature, scientific question answering (SciQA) has become increasingly critical for exploring and utilizing scientific knowledge. Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) enhances LLMs by incorporating…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Haotian Chen , Qingqing Long , Siyu Pu , Xiao Luo , Wei Ju , Meng Xiao , Yuanchun Zhou , Jianghua Zhao , Xuezhi Wang

As an effective method to boost the performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) on the question answering (QA) task, Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG), which queries highly relevant information from external complex documents, has…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Shu Wang , Yingli Zhou , Yixiang Fang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown promising performance on diverse medical benchmarks, highlighting their potential in supporting real-world clinical tasks. Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has emerged as a key approach for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Kaishuai Xu , Wenjun Hou , Yi Cheng , Wenjie Li

This paper addresses emerging system-level challenges in heterogeneous retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) serving, where complex multi-stage workflows and diverse request patterns complicate efficient execution. We present HedraRAG, a…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Zhengding Hu , Vibha Murthy , Zaifeng Pan , Wanlu Li , Xiaoyi Fang , Yufei Ding , Yuke Wang

Multi-modal Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has become a critical method for empowering LLMs by leveraging candidate visual documents. However, current methods consider the entire document as the basic retrieval unit, introducing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Yinglu Li , Zhiying Lu , Zhihang Liu , Yiwei Sun , Chuanbin Liu , Hongtao Xie

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) is a prevalent approach to infuse a private knowledge base of documents with Large Language Models (LLM) to build Generative Q\&A (Question-Answering) systems. However, RAG accuracy becomes increasingly…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-03-10 Kunal Sawarkar , Abhilasha Mangal , Shivam Raj Solanki

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) utilizes external knowledge to augment Large Language Models' (LLMs) reliability. For flexibility, agentic RAG employs autonomous, multi-round retrieval and reasoning to resolve queries. Although recent…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Chao Zhang , Yuhao Wang , Derong Xu , Haoxin Zhang , Yuanjie Lyu , Yuhao Chen , Shuochen Liu , Tong Xu , Xiangyu Zhao , Yan Gao , Yao Hu , Enhong Chen

Large language models (LLMs) achieve optimal utility when their responses are grounded in external knowledge sources. However, real-world documents, such as annual reports, scientific papers, and clinical guidelines, frequently combine…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-12-17 Chi Zhang , Qiyang Chen , Mengqi Zhang

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) enhances Large Language Models (LLMs) by grounding responses in external knowledge during inference. However, conventiona RAG systems under-perform on structured tabular data, largely due to coarse…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Zebin Guo , Weidong Geng , Ruichen Mao

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) is a key means to effectively enhance large language models (LLMs) in many knowledge-based tasks. However, existing RAG methods struggle with knowledge-intensive reasoning tasks, because useful…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Zhuoqun Li , Xuanang Chen , Haiyang Yu , Hongyu Lin , Yaojie Lu , Qiaoyu Tang , Fei Huang , Xianpei Han , Le Sun , Yongbin Li

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has been used in question answering (QA) systems to improve performance when relevant information is in one (single-hop) or multiple (multi-hop) passages. However, many real life scenarios (e.g. dealing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Mykolas Sveistrys , Richard Kunert

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) has emerged as a paradigm for grounding large language models in external knowledge, yet most existing RAG systems assume centralized knowledge access and ample computation. These assumptions break down…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Tianhao Gao , Kai Yang , Yiyang Li

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has emerged as a powerful paradigm for Large Language Models (LLMs) to address knowledge-intensive queries requiring domain-specific or up-to-date information. To handle complex multi-hop questions that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-05 Yuxin Wang , Shicheng Fang , Bo Wang , Qi Luo , Xuanjing Huang , Yining Zheng , Xipeng Qiu

Existing studies have optimized retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) across various sub-tasks, such as query understanding and retrieval refinement, but integrating these optimizations into a unified framework remains challenging. To tackle…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Yutao Zhu , Jiajie Jin , Hongjin Qian , Zheng Liu , Zhicheng Dou , Ji-Rong Wen

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) extends large language models (LLMs) with external data sources to enhance factual correctness and domain coverage. Modern RAG pipelines rely on large datastores, creating a significant system challenge:…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Chien-Yu Lin , Keisuke Kamahori , Yiyu Liu , Xiaoxiang Shi , Madhav Kashyap , Yile Gu , Rulin Shao , Zihao Ye , Kan Zhu , Rohan Kadekodi , Stephanie Wang , Arvind Krishnamurthy , Luis Ceze , Baris Kasikci

Large language models (LLMs) commonly struggle with specialized or emerging topics which are rarely seen in the training corpus. Graph-based retrieval-augmented generation (GraphRAG) addresses this by structuring domain knowledge as a graph…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Zhefan Wang , Huanjun Kong , Jie Ying , Wanli Ouyang , Nanqing Dong

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has emerged as a powerful technique for enhancing the quality of responses in Question-Answering (QA) tasks. However, existing approaches often struggle with retrieving contextually relevant information,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Tianyi Yang , Nashrah Haque , Vaishnave Jonnalagadda , Yuya Jeremy Ong , Zhehui Chen , Yanzhao Wu , Lei Yu , Divyesh Jadav , Wenqi Wei

Large language models (LLMs) have shown promise in medical question answering but often struggle with hallucinations and shallow reasoning, particularly in tasks requiring nuanced clinical understanding. Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-25 Ziyu Wang , Elahe Khatibi , Amir M. Rahmani