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Embedding of large but redundant data, such as images or text, in a hierarchy of lower-dimensional spaces is one of the key features of representation learning approaches, which nowadays provide state-of-the-art solutions to problems once…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-06-13 Gianluca Berardi , Luca De Luigi , Samuele Salti , Luigi Di Stefano

There is a large ongoing scientific effort in mechanistic interpretability to map embeddings and internal representations of AI systems into human-understandable concepts. A key element of this effort is the linear representation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Alexander Modell , Patrick Rubin-Delanchy , Nick Whiteley

The Universality Hypothesis in large language models (LLMs) claims that different models converge towards similar concept representations in their latent spaces. Providing evidence for this hypothesis would enable researchers to exploit…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Michael Lan , Philip Torr , Austin Meek , Ashkan Khakzar , David Krueger , Fazl Barez

A two-part affine approximation has been found to be a good approximation for transformer computations over certain subject object relations. Adapting the Bigger Analogy Test Set, we show that the linear transformation Ws, where s is a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Eric Xia , Jugal Kalita

In imitation learning, it is common to learn a behavior policy to match an unknown target policy via max-likelihood training on a collected set of target demonstrations. In this work, we consider using offline experience datasets -…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-11 Ofir Nachum , Mengjiao Yang

We investigate whether the hidden states of large language models (LLMs) can be used to estimate and impute economic and financial statistics. Focusing on county-level (e.g. unemployment) and firm-level (e.g. total assets) variables, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-11 Marcus Buckmann , Quynh Anh Nguyen , Edward Hill

Despite the recent success of instruction-tuned language models and their ubiquitous usage, very little is known of how models process instructions internally. In this work, we address this gap from a mechanistic point of view by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Irina Bigoulaeva , Jonas Rohweder , Subhabrata Dutta , Iryna Gurevych

Large Transformer-based models were shown to be reducible to a smaller number of self-attention heads and layers. We consider this phenomenon from the perspective of the lottery ticket hypothesis, using both structured and magnitude…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-27 Sai Prasanna , Anna Rogers , Anna Rumshisky

In this paper, we propose a method for transferring feature representation to lightweight student models from larger teacher models. We mathematically define a new notion called \textit{perception coherence}. Based on this notion, we…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-02-24 Hai-Vy Nguyen , Fabrice Gamboa , Sixin Zhang , Reda Chhaibi , Serge Gratton , Thierry Giaccone

Vector embeddings derived from large language models (LLMs) show promise in capturing latent information from the literature. Interestingly, these can be integrated into material embeddings, potentially useful for data-driven predictions of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-19 Luke P. J. Gilligan , Matteo Cobelli , Hasan M. Sayeed , Taylor D. Sparks , Stefano Sanvito

Multimodal LLMs (MLLMs) have reached remarkable levels of proficiency in understanding multimodal inputs. However, understanding and interpreting the behavior of such complex models is a challenging task, not to mention the dynamic shifts…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Pegah Khayatan , Mustafa Shukor , Jayneel Parekh , Arnaud Dapogny , Matthieu Cord

Deep Learning architectures, and in particular Transformers, are conventionally viewed as a composition of layers. These layers are actually often obtained as the sum of two contributions: a residual path that copies the input and the…

Transfer learning is widely used to adapt large pretrained models to new tasks with only a small amount of new data. However, a challenge persists -- the features from the original task often do not fully cover what is needed for unseen…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Xingyu Alice Yang , Jianyu Zhang , Léon Bottou

Pretraining on large, semantically rich datasets is key for developing language models. Surprisingly, recent studies have shown that even synthetic data, generated procedurally through simple semantic-free algorithms, can yield some of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Zachary Shinnick , Liangze Jiang , Hemanth Saratchandran , Anton van den Hengel , Damien Teney

Pre-training has been a useful method for learning implicit transferable knowledge and it shows the benefit of offering complementary features across different modalities. Recent work mainly focuses on the modalities such as image and text,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-09 Ziqi Zhang , Yile Wang , Yue Zhang , Donglin Wang

Previous work has proposed many new loss functions and regularizers that improve test accuracy on image classification tasks. However, it is not clear whether these loss functions learn better representations for downstream tasks. This…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-11-05 Simon Kornblith , Ting Chen , Honglak Lee , Mohammad Norouzi

Style transfer has achieved great success and attracted a wide range of attention from both academic and industrial communities due to its flexible application scenarios. However, the dependence on a pretty large VGG-based autoencoder leads…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-04-12 Meihao Kong , Jing Huo , Wenbin Li , Jing Wu , Yu-Kun Lai , Yang Gao

Self-supervised learning is a powerful paradigm for representation learning on unlabelled images. A wealth of effective new methods based on instance matching rely on data-augmentation to drive learning, and these have reached a rough…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-10-11 Linus Ericsson , Henry Gouk , Timothy M. Hospedales

Large Language Models are known to capture real-world knowledge, allowing them to excel in many downstream tasks. Despite recent advances, these models are still prone to what are commonly known as hallucinations, causing them to emit…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Roi Cohen , Omri Fahn , Gerard de Melo

Recent studies on the lottery ticket hypothesis (LTH) show that pre-trained language models (PLMs) like BERT contain matching subnetworks that have similar transfer learning performance as the original PLM. These subnetworks are found using…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-31 Yuanxin Liu , Fandong Meng , Zheng Lin , Peng Fu , Yanan Cao , Weiping Wang , Jie Zhou