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Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown impressive performance in domains such as mathematics and programming, yet their capabilities in physics remain underexplored and poorly understood. Physics poses unique challenges that demand not…

While multimodal LLMs (MLLMs) demonstrate remarkable reasoning progress, their application in specialized scientific domains like physics reveals significant gaps in current evaluation benchmarks. Specifically, existing benchmarks often…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Zhongze Luo , Zhenshuai Yin , Yongxin Guo , Zhichao Wang , Jionghao Zhu , Xiaoying Tang

Existing benchmarks fail to capture a crucial aspect of intelligence: physical reasoning, the integrated ability to combine domain knowledge, symbolic reasoning, and understanding of real-world constraints. To address this gap, we introduce…

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in solving complex reasoning tasks, particularly in mathematics. However, the domain of physics reasoning presents unique challenges that have received significantly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Xin Xu , Qiyun Xu , Tong Xiao , Tianhao Chen , Yuchen Yan , Jiaxin Zhang , Shizhe Diao , Can Yang , Yang Wang

Large language models (LLMs) have rapidly advanced and are increasingly capable of tackling complex scientific problems, including those in physics. Despite this progress, current LLMs often fail to emulate the concise, principle-based…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Yinggan Xu , Yue Liu , Zhiqiang Gao , Changnan Peng , Di Luo

Navigating the complexities of physics reasoning has long been a difficult task for Large Language Models (LLMs), requiring a synthesis of profound conceptual understanding and adept problem-solving techniques. In this study, we investigate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-04 Nifu Dan , Yujun Cai , Yiwei Wang

Physics problems constitute a significant aspect of reasoning, necessitating complicated reasoning ability and abundant physics knowledge. However, existing large language models (LLMs) frequently fail due to a lack of knowledge or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-19 Xinyu Pang , Ruixin Hong , Zhanke Zhou , Fangrui Lv , Xinwei Yang , Zhilong Liang , Bo Han , Changshui Zhang

Large language models demonstrate remarkable capabilities across various domains, especially mathematics and logic reasoning. However, current evaluations overlook physics-based reasoning - a complex task requiring physics theorems and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Xinyu Zhang , Yuxuan Dong , Yanrui Wu , Jiaxing Huang , Chengyou Jia , Basura Fernando , Mike Zheng Shou , Lingling Zhang , Jun Liu

As Vision-Language Models (VLMs) grow in sophistication, their ability to perform reasoning is coming under increasing supervision. While they excel at many tasks, their grasp of fundamental scientific principles, such as physics, remains…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-11 Pranav Pawar , Kavish Shah , Akshat Bhalani , Komal Kasat , Dev Mittal , Hadi Gala , Deepali Patil , Nikita Raichada , Monali Deshmukh

We introduce PHYSICS, a comprehensive benchmark for university-level physics problem solving. It contains 1297 expert-annotated problems covering six core areas: classical mechanics, quantum mechanics, thermodynamics and statistical…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Kaiyue Feng , Yilun Zhao , Yixin Liu , Tianyu Yang , Chen Zhao , John Sous , Arman Cohan

The application of physics formulas is a fundamental human capability in numerical reasoning. While existing datasets often rely on implicit mathematical knowledge, they rarely explicitate the underlying formulas. To address this, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Xiao Li , Bolin Zhu , Kaiwen Shi , Sichen Liu , Yin Zhu , Yiwei Liu , Gong Cheng

Physics problem-solving is a challenging domain for AI models, requiring integration of conceptual understanding, mathematical reasoning, and interpretation of physical diagrams. Existing evaluations fail to capture the full breadth and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Lintao Wang , Encheng Su , Jiaqi Liu , Pengze Li , Jiabei Xiao , Wenlong Zhang , Xinnan Dai , Xi Chen , Yuan Meng , Lei Bai , Wanli Ouyang , Shixiang Tang , Aoran Wang , Xinzhu Ma

The discipline of physics stands as a cornerstone of human intellect, driving the evolution of technology and deepening our understanding of the fundamental principles of the cosmos. Contemporary literature includes some works centered on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-06 Oshayer Siddique , J. M Areeb Uzair Alam , Md Jobayer Rahman Rafy , Syed Rifat Raiyan , Hasan Mahmud , Md Kamrul Hasan

With the continuous advancement of reasoning abilities in Large Language Models (LLMs), their application to scientific reasoning tasks has gained significant research attention. Current research primarily emphasizes boosting LLMs'…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Zhaoxin Yu , Nan Xu , Kun Chen , Jiahao Zhao , Lei Wang , Wenji Mao

[Abridged abstract] Large Language Models (LLMs) can solve some undergraduate-level to graduate-level physics textbook problems and are proficient at coding. Combining these two capabilities could one day enable AI systems to simulate and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Mohamad Ali-Dib , Kristen Menou

Small Language Models (SLMs) offer privacy and efficiency for educational deployment, yet their utility depends on reliable multistep reasoning. Existing benchmarks often prioritize final answer accuracy, obscuring 'right answer, wrong…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Nicy Scaria , Silvester John Joseph Kennedy , Krishna Agarwal , Diksha Seth , Deepak Subramani

Despite the growing application of Large Language Models (LLMs) to theoretical physics, there is little academic exploration into how domain-specific physics reasoning ability develops while training these models. To investigate this, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Nathaniel S. Woodward , Zhiqi Gao , Yurii Kvasiuk , Kendrick M. Smith , Frederic Sala , Moritz Münchmeyer

We present SeePhys, a large-scale multimodal benchmark for LLM reasoning grounded in physics questions ranging from middle school to PhD qualifying exams. The benchmark covers 7 fundamental domains spanning the physics discipline,…

Recent progress in large language model (LLM) reasoning has focused on domains like mathematics and coding, where abundant high-quality data and objective evaluation metrics are readily available. In contrast, progress in LLM reasoning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-12 Tengxiao Liu , Deepak Nathani , Zekun Li , Kevin Yang , William Yang Wang

Mathematical reasoning is essential for problem-solving in education, science, and industry, serving as a crucial benchmark for evaluating artificial intelligence systems. As Large Language Models (LLMs) improve their reasoning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Husnain Amjad , Raja Khurram Shahzad , Aamir Shahzad , Mehwish Fatima
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