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Language confusion -- where large language models (LLMs) generate unintended languages against the user's need -- remains a critical challenge, especially for English-centric models. We present the first mechanistic interpretability (MI)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Ercong Nie , Helmut Schmid , Hinrich Schütze

This paper presents a comprehensive evaluation of the capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) in metaphor interpretation across multiple datasets, tasks, and prompt configurations. Although metaphor processing has gained significant…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Elisa Sanchez-Bayona , Rodrigo Agerri

As large language models (LLMs) continue to evolve, the need for robust and standardized evaluation benchmarks becomes paramount. Evaluating the performance of these models is a complex challenge that requires careful consideration of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-08-01 Marco AF Pimentel , Clément Christophe , Tathagata Raha , Prateek Munjal , Praveen K Kanithi , Shadab Khan

Large language models (LLMs) have shown significant multilingual capabilities. However, the mechanisms underlying the development of these capabilities during pre-training are not well understood. In this paper, we use code LLMs as an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Jiawei Chen , Wentao Chen , Jing Su , Jingjing Xu , Hongyu Lin , Mengjie Ren , Yaojie Lu , Xianpei Han , Le Sun

There have been a couple of studies showing that attempting to erase multilingual knowledge using only English data is insufficient for multilingual LLMs. However, their analyses remain highly performance-oriented. In this paper, we switch…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Kyomin Hwang , Hyeonjin Kim , Seungyeon Kim , Sunghyun Wee , Nojun Kwak

Despite the impressive performance of multilingual large language models (mLLMs) in various natural language processing tasks, their ability to understand procedural texts, particularly those with culture-specific content, remains largely…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-21 Amir Hossein Yari , Fajri Koto

Large Language Models (LLMs) have rapidly increased in size and apparent capabilities in the last three years, but their training data is largely English text. There is growing interest in multilingual LLMs, and various efforts are striving…

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable progress in code generation, yet their true programming competence remains underexplored. We introduce the Code Triangle framework, which systematically evaluates LLMs across three…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Taolin Zhang , Zihan Ma , Maosong Cao , Junnan Liu , Songyang Zhang , Kai Chen

Multilingual LLMs often have knowledge disparities across languages, with larger gaps in under-resourced languages. Teaching LLMs to abstain in the face of knowledge gaps is thus a promising strategy to mitigate hallucinations in…

Multilingual Large Language Models (LLMs) struggle with cross-lingual tasks due to data imbalances between high-resource and low-resource languages, as well as monolingual bias in pre-training. Existing methods, such as bilingual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Weihua Zheng , Chang Liu , Zhengyuan Liu , Xin Huang , Kui Wu , Muhammad Huzaifah Md Shahrin , Aiti Aw , Roy Ka-Wei Lee

Large Language Models (LLMs) encode vast world knowledge across multiple languages, yet their internal beliefs are often unevenly distributed across linguistic spaces. When external evidence contradicts these language-dependent memories,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Jiaqi Zhao , Qiang Huang , Haodong Chen , Xiaoxing You , Jun Yu

The rapid evolution of large language models (LLMs) and their capacity to simulate human cognition and behavior has given rise to LLM-based frameworks and tools that are evaluated and applied based on their ability to perform tasks…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Jing Yi Wang , Nicholas Sukiennik , Tong Li , Weikang Su , Qianyue Hao , Jingbo Xu , Zihan Huang , Fengli Xu , Yong Li

Readability assessment aims to automatically classify text by the level appropriate for learning readers. Traditional approaches to this task utilize a variety of linguistically motivated features paired with simple machine learning models.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-08-04 Tovly Deutsch , Masoud Jasbi , Stuart Shieber

Multilingual Large Language Models are capable of using powerful Large Language Models to handle and respond to queries in multiple languages, which achieves remarkable success in multilingual natural language processing tasks. Despite…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Libo Qin , Qiguang Chen , Yuhang Zhou , Zhi Chen , Yinghui Li , Lizi Liao , Min Li , Wanxiang Che , Philip S. Yu

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have established them as powerful tools across numerous domains. However, persistent concerns about embedded biases, such as gender, racial, and cultural biases arising from their training…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Hadi Mohammadi , Yasmeen F. S. S. Meijer , Efthymia Papadopoulou , Ayoub Bagheri

Large Language Models (LLMs) excel in translation among other things, demonstrating competitive performance for many language pairs in zero- and few-shot settings. But unlike dedicated neural machine translation models, LLMs are not trained…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Yuri Balashov

Contextual word embeddings obtained from pre-trained language model (PLM) have proven effective for various natural language processing tasks at the word level. However, interpreting the hidden aspects within embeddings, such as syntax and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Nayoung Choi

Multilingual Language Models offer a way to incorporate multiple languages in one model and utilize cross-language transfer learning to improve performance for different Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. Despite progress in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-23 Hellina Hailu Nigatu , Atnafu Lambebo Tonja , Jugal Kalita

The rise of Large Language Models (LLMs) has revolutionized natural language processing across numerous languages and tasks. However, evaluating LLM performance in a consistent and meaningful way across multiple European languages remains…

Recently, large language models (LLMs) have achieved tremendous breakthroughs in the field of NLP, but still lack understanding of their internal neuron activities when processing different languages. We designed a method to convert dense…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Weize Liu , Yinlong Xu , Hongxia Xu , Jintai Chen , Xuming Hu , Jian Wu