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Concept drift is a significant challenge for malware detection, as the performance of trained machine learning models degrades over time, rendering them impractical. While prior research in malware concept drift adaptation has primarily…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-24 Md Tanvirul Alam , Romy Fieblinger , Ashim Mahara , Nidhi Rastogi

Machine learning models are commonly used for malware classification; however, they suffer from performance degradation over time due to concept drift. Adapting these models to changing data distributions requires frequent updates, which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Md Tanvirul Alam , Aritran Piplai , Nidhi Rastogi

Machine learning-based Android malware classifiers achieve high accuracy in stationary environments but struggle with concept drift. The rapid evolution of malware, especially with new families, can depress classification accuracy to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Yiling He , Junchi Lei , Zhan Qin , Kui Ren , Chun Chen

The rapidly evolving nature of Android apps poses a significant challenge to static batch machine learning algorithms employed in malware detection systems, as they quickly become obsolete. Despite this challenge, the existing literature…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-10-25 Molina-Coronado B. , Mori U. , Mendiburu A. , Miguel-Alonso J

Machine learning is increasingly vital in cybersecurity, especially in malware detection. However, concept drift, where the characteristics of malware change over time, poses a challenge for maintaining the efficacy of these detection…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Numan Halit Guldemir , Oluwafemi Olukoya , Jesús Martínez-del-Rincón

The presence and persistence of Android malware is an on-going threat that plagues this information era, and machine learning technologies are now extensively used to deploy more effective detectors that can block the majority of these…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-08-10 Daniele Angioni , Luca Demetrio , Maura Pintor , Battista Biggio

Android malware detectors often degrade after deployment because of concept drift, while full retraining at each maintenance step is costly. We propose a chronological adaptive maintenance framework that models deployment-time maintenance…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Ahmed Sabbah , Mohammad Kharma , Mohammad Alkhanafseh , Radi Jarrar , Samer Zein , David Mohaisen

Despite outstanding results, machine learning-based Android malware detection models struggle with concept drift, where rapidly evolving malware characteristics degrade model effectiveness. This study examines the impact of concept drift on…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-31 Ahmed Sabbah , Radi Jarrar , Samer Zein , David Mohaisen

Machine learning for malware classification shows encouraging results, but real deployments suffer from performance degradation as malware authors adapt their techniques to evade detection. This phenomenon, known as concept drift, occurs as…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-01-09 Federico Barbero , Feargus Pendlebury , Fabio Pierazzi , Lorenzo Cavallaro

In applying deep learning for malware classification, it is crucial to account for the prevalence of malware evolution, which can cause trained classifiers to fail on drifted malware. Existing solutions to address concept drift use active…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-23 Adrian Shuai Li , Arun Iyengar , Ashish Kundu , Elisa Bertino

Machine learning methods can detect Android malware with very high accuracy. However, these classifiers have an Achilles heel, concept drift: they rapidly become out of date and ineffective, due to the evolution of malware apps and benign…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-06-16 Yizheng Chen , Zhoujie Ding , David Wagner

Machine learning (ML) in real-world systems must contend with concept drift, adversarial actors, and a spectrum of potential features with varying costs and benefits. Malware naturally exhibits all of these complexities, but for the same…

Concept drift refers to gradual or sudden changes in the properties of data that affect the accuracy of machine learning models. In this paper, we address the problem of concept drift detection in the malware domain. Specifically, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Aniket Mishra , Mark Stamp

Permission analysis is a widely used method for Android malware detection. It involves examining the permissions requested by an application to access sensitive data or perform potentially malicious actions. In recent years, various machine…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-31 Ahmed Sabbah , Radi Jarrar , Samer Zein , David Mohaisen

Machine learning (ML)-based malware detection systems often fail to account for the dynamic nature of real-world training and test data distributions. In practice, these distributions evolve due to frequent changes in the Android ecosystem,…

Malware classification in dynamic environments presents a significant challenge due to concept drift, where the statistical properties of malware data evolve over time, complicating detection efforts. To address this issue, we propose a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Bishwajit Prasad Gond , Durga Prasad Mohapatra

Malware detection and classification into families are critical tasks in cybersecurity, complicated by the continual evolution of malware to evade detection. This evolution introduces concept drift, in which the statistical properties of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Olha Jurečková , Martin Jureček

Machine learning (ML)-based malware detectors degrade over time as concept drift introduces new and evolving families unseen during training. Retraining is limited by the cost and time of manual labeling or sandbox analysis. Existing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Adrian Shuai Li , Elisa Bertino

Existing Android malware detection approaches use a variety of features such as security sensitive APIs, system calls, control-flow structures and information flows in conjunction with Machine Learning classifiers to achieve accurate…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-04-11 Annamalai Narayanan , Mahinthan Chandramohan , Lihui Chen , Yang Liu

Android malware detection systems suffer severe performance degradation over time due to concept drift caused by evolving malicious and benign app behaviors. Although recent methods leverage active learning and hierarchical contrastive loss…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Md Ahsanul Haque , Md Mahmuduzzaman Kamol , Suresh Kumar Amalapuram , Vladik Kreinovich , Mohammad Saidur Rahman
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