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The study of exact quasi-normal modes [QNMs], and their associated quasi-normal frequencies [QNFs], has had a long and convoluted history - replete with many rediscoveries of previously known results. In this article we shall collect and…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2011-03-21 Petarpa Boonserm , Matt Visser

The ringdown (RD) phase of gravitational waves is of prime interest for testing general relativity (GR). The modelling of the linear quasi-normal modes (QNMs) within the Kerr spectrum -- or with agnostic parameterized deviations to that GR…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-09-08 Yi Qiu , Xisco Jiménez Forteza , Pierre Mourier

Robust measurements of multiple black hole vibrational modes provide a unique opportunity to characterise gravity in extreme curvature and dynamical regimes, to better investigate the nature of compact objects and search for signs of new…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-03-07 Vasco Gennari , Gregorio Carullo , Walter Del Pozzo

A perturbed black hole rings down by emitting gravitational waves in tones with specific frequencies and durations. Such tones encode prized information about the geometry of the source spacetime and the fundamental nature of gravity,…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2021-07-15 Maximiliano Isi , Will M. Farr

We study the dynamical excitation of quasinormal modes (QNMs) through the plunge, merger and ringdown of an extreme-mass-ratio-inspiral into a Schwarzschild black hole, for generic orbital configurations. We work out the QNM causality…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-02-09 Marina De Amicis , Enrico Cannizzaro , Gregorio Carullo , Laura Sberna

We propose a novel, frequency-domain approach to the analysis of the gravitational-wave ringdown signal of binary black holes and the identification of quasinormal mode frequencies of the remnant. Our approach avoids the issues of spectral…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-01-11 Eliot Finch , Christopher J. Moore

Full-wave numerical methods based on quasinormal modes (QNMs) offer valuable physical insights and computational efficiency for analyzing electromagnetic resonators. However, despite their advantages, many researchers in electromagnetism…

Optics · Physics 2026-05-01 Tong Wu , Philippe Lalanne

The ringdown of perturbed black holes has been studied since the 1970s, but until recently, studies have focused on linear perturbations. There is now burgeoning interest in nonlinear perturbative effects during ringdown. Here, using a…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-03-11 Patrick Bourg , Rodrigo Panosso Macedo , Andrew Spiers , Benjamin Leather , Bonga Béatrice , Adam Pound

The merger of binary black holes produces a series of decaying oscillations, during which energy is radiated in gravitational waves. The characteristic signal in the ringdown phase can be described by complex oscillation frequencies called…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-10-10 Yanqiang Liu , Benrong Mu , Jun Tao , Yuling Weng

The quasinormal modes (QNMs) of a rotating quantum corrected black hole (RQCBH) are studied by employing the hyperboloidal framework for the scalar perturbation. This framework is used to cast the QNMs spectra problem into a two-dimensional…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-04-07 Jia-Ning Chen , Zong-Kuan Guo , Liang-Bi Wu

During the binary black hole coalescence, gravitational waves emitted at the ringdown stage can be well described by black hole perturbation theory, where the quasinormal modes (QNMs) become the important ingredient in modeling the pattern…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-02-18 Zhen-Hao Yang , Yun-He Lei , Xiao-Mei Kuang , Bin Wang

The ringdown phase of a gravitational wave (GW) signal from a binary black hole merger provides valuable insights into the properties of the final black hole and serves as a critical test of general relativity in the strong-field regime. A…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-03-12 Hai-Tian Wang , Ziming Wang , Yiming Dong , Garvin Yim , Lijing Shao

Quasinormal modes (QNMs) are essential for understanding the stability and resonances of open systems, with increasing prominence in black hole physics. We present here the first study of QNMs of optical potentials. We show that solitons…

We briefly consider the data of collaboration LIGO/VIRGO for gravitational waves (GW) and the recent observations of Event Horizon Telescope (EHT), and we discuss difficulties for finding the right theory of gravity and the nature of the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2020-01-01 Plamen P. Fiziev

Ringdown signals from perturbed black holes (BHs) offer a clean window into BH spacetime, strong-field gravity, and fundamental physics. Presently the quasi-normal modes of stellar-mass BH ringdowns have been successfully extracted in the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-04-24 Ziming Wang , Han Wang , Yuxin Yang , Yiming Dong , Hai-Tian Wang , Yi-Ming Hu , Lijing Shao

It is possible to infer the mass and spin of the remnant black hole from binary black hole mergers by comparing the ringdown gravitational wave signal to results from studies of perturbed Kerr spacetimes. Typically these studies are based…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2020-01-13 Matthew Giesler , Maximiliano Isi , Mark Scheel , Saul Teukolsky

Quadratic quasinormal modes (QQNMs) and Christodoulou memory effect are key nonlinear phenomena in gravitational wave physics. QQNMs characterize the near zone nonlinear response of a perturbed black hole, whereas the memory effect is a…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-05-21 Jun-Xi Shi , Zhen-Tao He , Jiageng Jiao , Jing-Qi Lai , Caiying Shao , Yu Tian , Hongbao Zhang

The ringdown part of gravitational waves in the final stage of merger of compact objects tells us the nature of strong gravity which can be used for testing the theories of gravity. The ringdown waveform, however, fades out in a very short…

The spectrum of the quasinormal modes of the gravitational waves emitted during the ringdown phase following the merger of two black holes is of primary importance in gravitational astronomy. However, the spectrum is extremely sensitive to…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-07-30 A. Ianniccari , A. J. Iovino , A. Kehagias , P. Pani , G. Perna , D. Perrone , A. Riotto

Recently, Bonanno et al. (2024) presented an explicit metric describing the exterior of a collapsing dust ball within the framework of asymptotically safe gravity. Based on this metric, we investigate in detail the properties of the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-11-28 Oleksandr Stashko