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Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) project visual tokens into the embedding space of language models, yet the internal structuring and processing of visual semantics remain poorly understood. In this work, we introduce a two-fold…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Yingqi Fan , Junlong Tong , Anhao Zhao , Xiaoyu Shen

Large Language Models (LLMs) have showcased impressive capabilities in text comprehension and generation, prompting research efforts towards video LLMs to facilitate human-AI interaction at the video level. However, how to effectively…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Ruyang Liu , Chen Li , Haoran Tang , Yixiao Ge , Ying Shan , Ge Li

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have demonstrated strong cross-modal reasoning capabilities, yet their potential for vision-only tasks remains underexplored. We investigate MLLMs as training-free similarity estimators for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Bahey Tharwat , Giorgos Kordopatis-Zilos , Pavel Suma , Ian Reid , Giorgos Tolias

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) typically extract visual features from the final layers of a pretrained Vision Transformer (ViT). This widespread deep-layer bias, however, is largely driven by empirical convention rather than…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Haoran Chen , Junyan Lin , Xinghao Chen , Yue Fan , Jianfeng Dong , Xin Jin , Hui Su , Jinlan Fu , Xiaoyu Shen

Large multimodal models (LMMs) combine unimodal encoders and large language models (LLMs) to perform multimodal tasks. Despite recent advancements towards the interpretability of these models, understanding internal representations of LMMs…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Jayneel Parekh , Pegah Khayatan , Mustafa Shukor , Alasdair Newson , Matthieu Cord

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance across a variety of real-world tasks. However, existing VLMs typically process visual information by serializing images, a method that diverges significantly from the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Yueyan Li , Chenggong Zhao , Zeyuan Zang , Caixia Yuan , Xiaojie Wang

Pre-trained vision-language models (VLMs) have enabled significant progress in open vocabulary computer vision tasks such as image classification, object detection and image segmentation. Some recent works have focused on extending VLMs to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Rohit Gupta , Mamshad Nayeem Rizve , Jayakrishnan Unnikrishnan , Ashish Tawari , Son Tran , Mubarak Shah , Benjamin Yao , Trishul Chilimbi

Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) are an extension of Large Language Models (LLMs) that facilitate processing both image and text inputs, expanding AI capabilities. However, LVLMs struggle with object hallucinations due to their reliance…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-12 Avshalom Manevich , Reut Tsarfaty

Post-training quantization (PTQ) has emerged as an effective technique for compressing large models and accelerating inference without retraining. While PTQ has been extensively studied in large language models (LLMs), its application to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Yufei Xue , Yushi Huang , Jiawei Shao , Lunjie Zhu , Chi Zhang , Xuelong Li , Jun Zhang

Recent endeavors in Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) aim to unify visual comprehension and generation by combining LLM and diffusion models, the state-of-the-art in each task, respectively. Existing approaches rely on spatial visual…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Kaihang Pan , Wang Lin , Zhongqi Yue , Tenglong Ao , Liyu Jia , Wei Zhao , Juncheng Li , Siliang Tang , Hanwang Zhang

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) are experiencing rapid growth, yielding a plethora of noteworthy contributions in recent months. The prevailing trend involves adopting data-driven methodologies, wherein diverse…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-17 Xin He , Longhui Wei , Lingxi Xie , Qi Tian

Large vision-language models (LVLMs) have demonstrated remarkable multimodal comprehension and reasoning capabilities, but they still suffer from severe object hallucination. Previous studies primarily attribute the flaw to linguistic prior…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Haohan Zheng , Zhenguo Zhang

There is a gap in the understanding of occluded objects in existing large-scale visual language multi-modal models. Current state-of-the-art multi-modal models fail to provide satisfactory results in describing occluded objects through…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-04 Shuxin Yang , Xinhan Di

Multi-modal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have demonstrated their ability to perceive objects in still images, but their application in video-related tasks, such as object tracking, remains understudied. This lack of exploration is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-01 Han Wang , Yanjie Wang , Yongjie Ye , Yuxiang Nie , Can Huang

Large Vision Language Models (LVLMs) have shown remarkable capabilities in multimodal tasks like visual question answering or image captioning. However, inconsistencies between the visual information and the generated text, a phenomenon…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-26 Laura Fieback , Jakob Spiegelberg , Hanno Gottschalk

Large language models (LLMs) have been effectively used for many computer vision tasks, including image classification. In this paper, we present a simple yet effective approach for zero-shot image classification using multimodal LLMs.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-27 Abdelrahman Abdelhamed , Mahmoud Afifi , Alec Go

Image-text matching (ITM) aims to address the fundamental challenge of aligning visual and textual modalities, which inherently differ in their representations, continuous, high-dimensional image features vs. discrete, structured text. We…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2025-07-14 Junyu Chen , Yihua Gao , Mingyong Li

Recently, Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have achieved exceptional performance across diverse tasks, continually surpassing previous expectations regarding their capabilities. Nevertheless, their proficiency in perceiving emotions…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Daiqing Wu , Dongbao Yang , Sicheng Zhao , Can Ma , Yu Zhou

The advent of Large Multimodal Models (LMMs) has significantly enhanced Large Language Models (LLMs) to process and interpret diverse data modalities (e.g., image and video). However, as input complexity increases, particularly with long…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Shilin Yan , Jiaming Han , Joey Tsai , Hongwei Xue , Rongyao Fang , Lingyi Hong , Ziyu Guo , Ray Zhang

Multimodal large language models are typically trained end-to-end to predict ground-truth answers, yet supervision signals are applied exclusively to text tokens. Visual tokens, the core carriers of visual information, are optimized only…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Jianfei Zhao , Feng Zhang , Xin Sun , Chong Feng , Bing Wang , Zhixing Tan