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In this paper, we consider the outer channel for DNA-based data storage. When transmitting over the outer channel, each DNA string is treated as a unit/symbol that would be either correctly received, or erased, or corrupted by uniformly…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Xuan He , Yi Ding , Kui Cai , Guanghui Song , Bin Dai , Xiaohu Tang

Synthetic DNA can in principle be used for the archival storage of arbitrary data. Because errors are introduced during DNA synthesis, storage, and sequencing, an error-correcting code (ECC) is necessary for error-free recovery of the data.…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2018-12-05 William H. Press , John A. Hawkins

In this paper, we study achievable rates of concatenated coding schemes over a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) storage channel. Our channel model incorporates the main features of DNA-based data storage. First, information is stored on many,…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2020-05-04 Andreas Lenz , Lorenz Welter , Sven Puchinger

Owing to its longevity and enormous information density, DNA, the molecule encoding biological information, has emerged as a promising archival storage medium. However, due to technological constraints, data can only be written onto many…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2018-03-12 Reinhard Heckel , Gediminas Mikutis , Robert N. Grass

In this paper we study error-correcting codes for the storage of data in synthetic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). We investigate a storage model where a data set is represented by an unordered set of $M$ sequences, each of length $L$. Errors…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2020-02-13 Andreas Lenz , Paul H. Siegel , Antonia Wachter-Zeh , Eitan Yaakobi

Storing digital data in synthetic DNA faces challenges in ensuring data reliability in the presence of edit errors--deletions, insertions, and substitutions--that occur randomly during various stages of the storage process. Current…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-09-11 Serge Kas Hanna

Recently, DNA storage has surfaced as a promising alternative for data storage, presenting notable benefits in terms of storage capacity, cost-effectiveness in maintenance, and the capability for parallel replication. Mathematically, the…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-01-31 Yi Lu , Yun Ma , Chenghao Li , Xin Zhang , Guangxiang Si

DNA storage is now being considered as a new archival storage method for its durability and high information density, but still facing some challenges like high costs and low throughput. By reducing sequencing sample size for decoding…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Ruiying Cao , Xin Chen

We consider error-correcting coding for deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-based storage using nanopore sequencing. We model the DNA storage channel as a sampling noise channel where the input data is chunked into $M$ short DNA strands, which are…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Lorenz Welter , Roman Sokolovskii , Thomas Heinis , Antonia Wachter-Zeh , Eirik Rosnes , Alexandre Graell i Amat

With the rapid increase of available digital data, DNA storage is identified as a storage media with high density and capability of long-term preservation, especially for archival storage systems. However, the encoding density (i.e., how…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2021-08-26 Bingzhe Li , Li Ou , David Du

DNA-based storage is an emerging technology that enables digital information to be archived in DNA molecules. This method enjoys major advantages over magnetic and optical storage solutions such as exceptional information density, enhanced…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-03-13 Daniella Bar-Lev , Itai Orr , Omer Sabary , Tuvi Etzion , Eitan Yaakobi

DNA is a leading candidate as the next archival storage media due to its density, durability and sustainability. To read (and write) data DNA storage exploits technology that has been developed over decades to sequence naturally occurring…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2022-05-12 Jasmine Quah , Omer Sella , Thomas Heinis

DNA is an attractive medium for digital data storage. When data is stored on DNA, errors occur, which makes error-correcting coding techniques critical for reliable DNA data storage. To reduce the errors, a common technique is to include…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-06-27 Franziska Weindel , Andreas L. Gimpel , Robert N. Grass , Reinhard Heckel

The ability to store data in the DNA of a living organism has applications in a variety of areas including synthetic biology and watermarking of patented genetically-modified organisms. Data stored in this medium is subject to errors…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2016-11-17 Siddharth Jain , Farzad Farnoud , Moshe Schwartz , Jehoshua Bruck

Due to its high data density and longevity, DNA is considered a promising medium for satisfying ever-increasing data storage needs. However, the diversity of errors that occur in DNA sequences makes efficient error-correction a challenging…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2020-11-12 Yuanyuan Tang , Farzad Farnoud

DNA Data storage has recently attracted much attention due to its durable preservation and extremely high information density (bits per gram) properties. In this work, we propose a hybrid coding strategy comprising of generalized…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2021-12-20 Yixin Wang , Li Deng , Md. Noor-A-Rahim , Erry Gunawan , Yong L. Guan , Zhi P. Shi , Chueh L. Poh

We study the amount of reliable information that can be stored in a DNA-based storage system with noisy sequencing, where each codeword is composed of short DNA molecules. We analyze a concatenated coding scheme, where the outer code is…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Ran Tamir , Nir Weinberger , Albert Guillén i Fàbregas

Composite DNA is a recent method to increase the base alphabet size in DNA-based data storage.This paper models synthesizing and sequencing of composite DNA and introduces coding techniques to correct substitutions, losses of entire…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Frederik Walter , Omer Sabary , Antonia Wachter-Zeh , Eitan Yaakobi

Data storage in DNA is developing as a possible solution for archival digital data. Recently, to further increase the potential capacity of DNA-based data storage systems, the combinatorial composite DNA synthesis method was suggested. This…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Omer Sabary , Inbal Preuss , Ryan Gabrys , Zohar Yakhini , Leon Anavy , Eitan Yaakobi

Synthetic DNA approaches 227.5 exabytes per gram of storage density with stability over millennial timescales. Realising this capacity requires error-correction codes that recover data from substantial synthesis and sequencing errors.…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-04-23 James L. Banal