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Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have become prominent in open-world image recognition for their strong generalization abilities. Yet, their effectiveness in practical applications is compromised by domain shifts and distributional changes,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Qiyuan Dai , Sibei Yang

The development of large vision-language models, notably CLIP, has catalyzed research into effective adaptation techniques, with a particular focus on soft prompt tuning. Conjointly, test-time augmentation, which utilizes multiple augmented…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-06 Maxime Zanella , Ismail Ben Ayed

Drowsy driving is a growing cause of traffic accidents, prompting recent exploration of electroencephalography (EEG)-based drowsiness detection systems. However, the inherent variability of EEG signals due to psychological and physical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Geun-Deok Jang , Dong-Kyun Han , Seo-Hyeon Park , Seong-Whan Lee

Sequential (online) change-point detection involves continuously monitoring time-series data and triggering an alarm when shifts in the data distribution are detected. We propose an algorithm for real-time identification of alterations in…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-12-16 Yuhan Tian , Abolfazl Safikhani

Open-set test-time adaptation (OSTTA) addresses the challenge of adapting models to new environments where out-of-distribution (OOD) samples coexist with in-distribution (ID) samples affected by distribution shifts. In such settings,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Wenjie Zhao , Jia Li , Xin Dong , Yapeng Tian , Yu Xiang , Yunhui Guo

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) often suffer from poor performance when tested on target data that differs from the training (source) data distribution, particularly in medical imaging applications where variations in imaging protocols…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-02-28 Jingjie Guo , Weitong Zhang , Matthew Sinclair , Daniel Rueckert , Chen Chen

Test-Time Augmentation (TTA) is a very powerful heuristic that takes advantage of data augmentation during testing to produce averaged output. Despite the experimental effectiveness of TTA, there is insufficient discussion of its…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-13 Masanari Kimura

Test time Adaptation is a promising approach for mitigating domain shift in medical image segmentation; however, current evaluations remain limited in terms of modality coverage, task diversity, and methodological consistency. We present…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Wenjing Yu , Shuo Jiang , Yifei Chen , Shuo Chang , Yuanhan Wang , Beining Wu , Jie Dong , Mingxuan Liu , Shenghao Zhu , Feiwei Qin , Changmiao Wang , Qiyuan Tian

Deep topological data analysis (TDA) offers a principled framework for capturing structural invariants such as connectivity and cycles that persist across scales, making it a natural fit for anomaly segmentation (AS). Unlike thresholdbased…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Ali Zia , Usman Ali , Umer Ramzan , Abdul Rehman , Abdelwahed Khamis , Wei Xiang

This article considers change point testing and estimation for a sequence of high-dimensional data. In the case of testing for a mean shift for high-dimensional independent data, we propose a new test which is based on $U$-statistic in Chen…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2021-08-10 Runmin Wang , Changbo Zhu , Stanislav Volgushev , Xiaofeng Shao

Test-time alignment (TTA) aims to adapt models to specific rewards during inference. However, existing methods tend to either under-optimise or over-optimise (reward hack) the target reward function. We propose Null-Text Test-Time Alignment…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Taehoon Kim , Henry Gouk , Timothy Hospedales

Deep-learning models have been successful in biomedical image segmentation. To generalize for real-world deployment, test-time augmentation (TTA) methods are often used to transform the test image into different versions that are hopefully…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-02-29 Kangxian Xie , Siyu Huang , Sebastian Andres Cajas Ordonez , Hanspeter Pfister , Donglai Wei

Vision-language models (VLMs), despite their extraordinary zero-shot capabilities, are vulnerable to distribution shifts. Test-time adaptation (TTA) emerges as a predominant strategy to adapt VLMs to unlabeled test data on the fly. However,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Zhichen Zeng , Wenxuan Bao , Xiao Lin , Ruizhong Qiu , Tianxin Wei , Xuying Ning , Yuchen Yan , Chen Luo , Monica Xiao Cheng , Jingrui He , Hanghang Tong

Test-time adaptation (TTA) aims to address the distribution shift between the training and test data with only unlabeled data at test time. Existing TTA methods often focus on improving recognition performance specifically for test data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-28 Yongcan Yu , Lijun Sheng , Ran He , Jian Liang

Existing test-time adaptation (TTA) approaches often adapt models with the unlabeled testing data stream. A recent attempt relaxed the assumption by introducing limited human annotation, referred to as Human-In-the-Loop Test-Time Adaptation…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-25 Yushu Li , Yongyi Su , Xulei Yang , Kui Jia , Xun Xu

Test-time adaptation (TTA) aims to adapt a pre-trained model to the target domain in a batch-by-batch manner during inference. While label distributions often exhibit imbalances in real-world scenarios, most previous TTA approaches…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-21 Sunghyun Park , Seunghan Yang , Jaegul Choo , Sungrack Yun

Batch Normalization (BN) and its variants have delivered tremendous success in combating the covariate shift induced by the training step of deep learning methods. While these techniques normalize feature distributions by standardizing with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-06 Mandy Lu , Qingyu Zhao , Jiequan Zhang , Kilian M. Pohl , Li Fei-Fei , Juan Carlos Niebles , Ehsan Adeli

Test-time adaptation (TTA) refers to adapting neural networks to distribution shifts, with access to only the unlabeled test samples from the new domain at test-time. Prior TTA methods optimize over unsupervised objectives such as the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-24 Sachin Goyal , Mingjie Sun , Aditi Raghunathan , Zico Kolter

The zero-shot capabilities of Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have been widely leveraged to improve predictive performance. However, previous works on transductive or test-time adaptation (TTA) often make strong assumptions about the data…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-08 Maxime Zanella , Clément Fuchs , Christophe De Vleeschouwer , Ismail Ben Ayed

We develop asymptotic approximations that can be applied to sequential estimation and inference problems, adaptive randomized controlled trials, and related settings. In batched adaptive settings where the decision at one stage can affect…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-02-25 Keisuke Hirano , Jack R. Porter