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Speculative Decoding (SD) has emerged as a critical technique for accelerating Large Language Model (LLM) inference. Unlike deterministic system optimizations, SD performance is inherently data-dependent, meaning that diverse and…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Talor Abramovich , Maor Ashkenazi , Izzy Putterman , Benjamin Chislett , Tiyasa Mitra , Bita Darvish Rouhani , Ran Zilberstein , Yonatan Geifman

Speculative decoding (SD) accelerates large language model inference by using a smaller draft model to predict multiple tokens, which are then verified in parallel by the larger target model. However, the limited capacity of the draft model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-12 Haiduo Huang , Fuwei Yang , Zhenhua Liu , Yixing Xu , Jinze Li , Yang Liu , Xuanwu Yin , Dong Li , Pengju Ren , Emad Barsoum

Speculative decoding accelerates Large Language Models via draft-then-verify, where verification can be framed as an Optimal Transport (OT) problem. Existing approaches typically handle multi-draft and multi-step aspects in isolation,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-07 Yepeng Weng , Qiao Hu , Takehisa Yairi

Temporal Forgery Localization (TFL) aims to precisely identify manipulated segments in video and audio, offering strong interpretability for security and forensics. While recent State Space Models (SSMs) show promise in precise temporal…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Xiaodong Zhu , Suting Wang , Yuanming Zheng , Junqi Yang , Yangxu Liao , Yuhong Yang , Weiping Tu , Zhongyuan Wang

The past few years have witnessed a growing interest in LLM-based recommender systems (RSs), although their industrial deployment remains in a preliminary stage. Most existing deployments leverage LLMs offline as feature enhancers,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-04-30 Yunjia Xi , Hangyu Wang , Bo Chen , Jianghao Lin , Menghui Zhu , Weiwen Liu , Ruiming Tang , Zhewei Wei , Weinan Zhang , Yong Yu

Speculative decoding (SD) accelerates large language model inference by using a smaller draft model to propose draft tokens that are subsequently verified by a larger target model. However, the performance of standard SD is often limited by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Zhenwei Tang , Arun Verma , Zijian Zhou , Zhaoxuan Wu , Alok Prakash , Daniela Rus , Bryan Kian Hsiang Low

We propose an acceleration scheme for large language models (LLMs) through Speculative Decoding with Semantic Adaptive Tokens (SDSAT). The primary objective of this design is to enhance the LLM model's ability to generate draft tokens more…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Chengbo Liu , Yong Zhu

We present a diversity multiplexing tradeoff (DMT) optimal tree pruning sphere decoding algorithm which visits merely a single branch of the search tree of the sphere decoding (SD) algorithm, while maintaining the DMT optimality at high…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-10-22 Mohammad Neinavaie , Mostafa Derakhtian , Negar Daryanavardan , Sergiy Vorobyov

Speculative decoding (SPD) aims to accelerate the auto-regressive token generation process of a target Large Language Model (LLM). Some approaches employ a draft model with multiple heads to predict a sequence of future tokens, where each…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Jinze Li , Yixing Xu , Haiduo Huang , Xuanwu Yin , Dong Li , Edith C. H. Ngai , Emad Barsoum

We propose Tree Variational Autoencoder (TreeVAE), a new generative hierarchical clustering model that learns a flexible tree-based posterior distribution over latent variables. TreeVAE hierarchically divides samples according to their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-20 Laura Manduchi , Moritz Vandenhirtz , Alain Ryser , Julia Vogt

Speculative decoding and dynamic sparse attention are two complementary approaches for accelerating long-context LLM inference: the former amortizes target-model execution across multiple verifier queries, while the latter reduces each…

Operating Systems · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Zhibin Wang , Ziyu Zhong , Nuo Shen , Yuhang Zhou , Rong Gu , Sheng Zhong

Speculative decoding can substantially accelerate LLM inference, but realizing its benefits in practice is challenging due to evolving workloads and system-level constraints. We present TIDE (Temporal Incremental Draft Engine), a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Jiyoung Park , Hankyu Jang , Changseok Song , Wookeun Jung

Probabilistic representations, such as Bayesian and Markov networks, are fundamental to much of statistical machine learning. Thus, learning probabilistic representations directly from data is a deep challenge, the main computational…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-09-20 Andreas Bueff , Stefanie Speichert , Vaishak Belle

We propose a hybrid algorithmic strategy for complex stochastic optimization problems, which combines the use of scenario trees from multistage stochastic programming with machine learning techniques for learning a policy in the form of a…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-10-25 Boris Defourny , Damien Ernst , Louis Wehenkel

Speculative decoding accelerates language model inference by separating generation into fast drafting and parallel verification. Its main limitation is drafter-verifier misalignment, which limits token acceptance and reduces overall…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Frédéric Berdoz , Peer Rheinboldt , Roger Wattenhofer

Speculative decoding has rapidly emerged as a leading approach for accelerating language model (LM) inference, as it offers substantial speedups while yielding identical outputs. This relies upon a small draft model, tasked with predicting…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Miles Williams , Young D. Kwon , Rui Li , Alexandros Kouris , Stylianos I. Venieris

We examine the problem of optimizing classification tree evaluation for on-line and real-time applications by using GPUs. Looking at trees with continuous attributes often used in image segmentation, we first put the existing algorithms for…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2011-11-08 Jason Spencer

Recently, autoregressive (AR) image models have demonstrated remarkable generative capabilities, positioning themselves as a compelling alternative to diffusion models. However, their sequential nature leads to long inference times,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Junhyuk So , Juncheol Shin , Hyunho Kook , Eunhyeok Park

GPU memory bandwidth is the main bottleneck for low-latency Large Language Model (LLM) inference. Speculative decoding leverages idle GPU compute by using a lightweight drafter to propose K tokens, which the LLM verifies in parallel,…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-06-27 Anish Saxena , Po-An Tsai , Hritvik Taneja , Aamer Jaleel , Moinuddin Qureshi

Large Language Models (LLMs) have been widely adopted in ranking systems such as information retrieval (IR) systems and recommender systems (RSs). To alleviate the latency of auto-regressive decoding, some studies explore the single (first)…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Yingpeng Du , Tianjun Wei , Zhu Sun , Jie Zhang