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The Model Context Protocol (MCP) has emerged as the de facto standard for connecting Large Language Models (LLMs) to external data and tools, effectively functioning as the "USB-C for Agentic AI." While this decoupling of context and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Shiva Gaire , Srijan Gyawali , Saroj Mishra , Suman Niroula , Dilip Thakur , Umesh Yadav

Large language models (LLMs) are evolving into agentic systems that reason, plan, and operate external tools. The Model Context Protocol (MCP) is a key enabler of this transition, offering a standardized interface for connecting LLMs with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Xuanjun Zong , Zhiqi Shen , Lei Wang , Yunshi Lan , Chao Yang

Model Context Protocol (MCP) servers enable AI applications to connect to external systems in a plug-and-play manner, but their rapid proliferation also introduces severe security risks. Unlike mature software ecosystems with rigorous…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Weibo Zhao , Jiahao Liu , Bonan Ruan , Shaofei Li , Zhenkai Liang

As Agentic AI gain mainstream adoption, the industry invests heavily in model capabilities, achieving rapid leaps in reasoning and quality. However, these systems remain largely confined to data silos, and each new integration requires…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Sonu Kumar , Anubhav Girdhar , Ritesh Patil , Divyansh Tripathi

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) is a recently proposed interoperability standard that unifies how AI agents connect with external tools and data sources. By defining a set of common client-server message exchange clauses, MCP replaces…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Nanzi Yang , Weiheng Bai , Kangjie Lu

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) has been proposed as a unifying standard for connecting large language models (LLMs) with external tools and resources, promising the same role for AI integration that HTTP and USB played for the Web and…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Hechuan Guo , Yongle Hao , Yue Zhang , Minghui Xu , Peizhuo Lv , Jiezhi Chen , Xiuzhen Cheng

To standardize interactions between LLM-based agents and their environments, the Model Context Protocol (MCP) was proposed and has since been widely adopted. However, integrating external tools expands the attack surface, exposing agents to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Ruiqi Li , Zhiqiang Wang , Yunhao Yao , Xiang-Yang Li

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) is a new and emerging technology that extends the functionality of large language models, improving workflows but also exposing users to a new attack surface. Several studies have highlighted related…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Tobias Mattsson , Samuel Nyberg , Anton Borg , Ricardo Britto

Large language model (LLM)-powered agents are increasingly used to plan and execute scientific workflows, yet most research cyberinfrastructure (CI) exposes heterogeneous APIs and implements security models that present barriers for use by…

While Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable performance, they remain vulnerable to jailbreak. The integration of Large Language Models (LLMs) with external tools via protocols such as the Model Context Protocol (MCP)…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Wenpeng Xing , Zhonghao Qi , Yupeng Qin , Yilin Li , Caini Chang , Jiahui Yu , Changting Lin , Zhenzhen Xie , Meng Han

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) enhances large language models (LLMs) by integrating external tools, enabling dynamic aggregation of real-time data to improve task execution. However, its non-isolated execution context introduces critical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Haoran Shi , Hongwei Yao , Shuo Shao , Shaopeng Jiao , Ziqi Peng , Zhan Qin , Cong Wang

Explicit modeling of capabilities and skills -- whether based on ontologies, Asset Administration Shells, or other technologies -- requires considerable manual effort and often results in representations that are not easily accessible to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Luis Miguel Vieira da Silva , Aljosha Köcher , Felix Gehlhoff

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) has emerged as a universal standard that enables AI agents to seamlessly connect with external tools, significantly enhancing their functionality. However, while MCP brings notable benefits, it also…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Yongjian Guo , Puzhuo Liu , Wanlun Ma , Zehang Deng , Xiaogang Zhu , Peng Di , Xi Xiao , Sheng Wen

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) standardizes tool use for LLM-based agents and enable third-party servers. This openness introduces a security misalignment: agents implicitly trust tools exposed by potentially untrusted MCP servers.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Zhenhong Zhou , Yuanhe Zhang , Hongwei Cai , Moayad Aloqaily , Ouns Bouachir , Linsey Pang , Prakhar Mehrotra , Kun Wang , Qingsong Wen

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) has emerged as a widely adopted mechanism for connecting large language models to external tools and resources. While MCP promises seamless extensibility and rich integrations, it also introduces a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Zhihao Li , Kun Li , Boyang Ma , Minghui Xu , Yue Zhang , Xiuzhen Cheng

Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate strong capabilities in solving complex tasks when integrated with external tools. The Model Context Protocol (MCP) has become a standard interface for enabling such tool-based interactions. However,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-23 Jiayi Fu , Yuansen Zhang , Yinggui Wang

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) defines a schema bound execution model for agent-tool interaction, enabling modular computer vision workflows without retraining. To our knowledge, this is the first protocol level, deployment scale audit of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Aditi Tiwari , Akshit Bhalla , Darshan Prasad

Model Context Protocol (MCP) have quickly become the interface layer between LLM agents and external tools, yet they also introduce unsafe data flows that existing analyzers handle poorly. Vulnerabilities manifest in two directions:…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Xinyi Hou , Yanjie Zhao , Haoyu Wang

The Model Context Protocol (MCP), introduced by Anthropic in November 2024 and now governed by the Linux Foundation's Agentic AI Foundation, has rapidly become the de facto standard for connecting large language model (LLM)-based agents to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Nirajan Acharya , Gaurav Kumar Gupta

This paper introduces a novel framework for analyzing systemic risk in financial markets through multi-scale network dynamics using Model Context Protocol (MCP) for agent communication. We develop an integrated approach that combines…

Risk Management · Quantitative Finance 2025-07-14 Avishek Bhandari