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Although qubit coherence times and gate fidelities are continuously improving, logical encoding is essential to achieve fault tolerance in quantum computing. In most encoding schemes, correcting or tracking errors throughout the computation…

Quantum Surface codes are a kind of quantum topological stabilizer codes whose stabilizers and qubits are geometrically related. Due to their special structures, surface codes have great potential to lead people to large-scale quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-05-23 Yaping Yuan , Chung-Chin Lu

Transversal gates are logical gate operations on encoded quantum information that are efficient in gate count and depth, and are designed to minimize error propagation. Efficient encoding circuits for quantum codes that admit transversal…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-24 Praveen Jayakumar , Priya J. Nadkarni , Shayan Srinivasa Garani

We consider an approach to fault tolerant quantum computing based on a simple error detecting code operating as the substrate for a conventional surface code. We develop a customised decoder to process the information about the likely…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-12-11 Xiaosi Xu , Qi Zhao , Xiao Yuan , Simon C. Benjamin

Quantum error correction (QEC) with single-shot decoding enables reduction of errors after every single round of noisy stabilizer measurement, easing the time-overhead requirements for fault tolerance. Notably, several classes of quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-11-07 Shilin Huang , Shruti Puri

A common approach to studying the performance of quantum error correcting codes is to assume independent and identically distributed single-qubit errors. However, the available experimental data shows that realistic errors in modern…

Fault-tolerant quantum computers use decoders to monitor for errors and find a plausible correction. A decoder may provide a decoder confidence score (DCS) to gauge its success. We adopt a swim distance DCS, computed from the shortest path…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-19 Maria Dincă , Tim Chan , Simon C. Benjamin

It is an oft-cited fact that no quantum code can support a set of fault-tolerant logical gates that is both universal and transversal. This no-go theorem is generally responsible for the interest in alternative universality constructions…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-09-20 Theodore J. Yoder , Ryuji Takagi , Isaac L. Chuang

We show how to perform scalable fault-tolerant non-Clifford gates in two dimensions by introducing domain walls between the surface code and a non-Abelian topological code whose codespace is stabilized by Clifford operators. We formulate a…

We exhibit nontrivial transversal logical multi-controlled-$Z$ gates on $[\![N,\Theta(N),\tilde\Theta(N)]\!]$ quantum low-density parity-check codes and $[\![N,\Theta(N),\tilde\Theta(N)]\!]$ quantum locally testable codes with soundness…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-03 Yiming Li , Zimu Li , Zi-Wen Liu

We consider spatially coupled low-density parity-check codes with finite smoothing parameters. A finite smoothing parameter is important for designing practical codes that are decoded using low-complexity windowed decoders. By optimizing…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2017-01-27 Laurent Schmalen , Vahid Aref , Fanny Jardel

Fault-tolerant quantum computing demands decoders that are fast, accurate, and adaptable to circuit structure and realistic noise. While machine learning (ML) decoders have demonstrated impressive performance for quantum memory, their use…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-16 J. Pablo Bonilla Ataides , Andi Gu , Susanne F. Yelin , Mikhail D. Lukin

The union-find decoder is a leading algorithmic approach to the correction of quantum errors on the surface code, achieving code thresholds comparable to minimum-weight perfect matching (MWPM) with amortised computational time scaling…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-10 Sam J. Griffiths , Dan E. Browne

Errors in surface code have typically been decoded by Minimum Weight Perfect Matching (MWPM) based method. Recently, neural-network-based Machine Learning (ML) techniques have been employed for this purpose. Here we propose a two-level (low…

The promise of high-rate low-density parity check (LDPC) codes to substantially reduce the overhead of fault-tolerant quantum computation depends on constructing efficient, fault-tolerant implementations of logical gates on such codes.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-10-25 Armanda O. Quintavalle , Paul Webster , Michael Vasmer

Quantum error correction (QEC) is often implemented on hardware that experiences biased noise, where dephasing errors occur more frequently than other errors. This has motivated many recent efforts to develop bias-tailored QEC codes, such…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-28 Arianna Meinking , Julie Campos , Kenneth R. Brown

Stabilizer codes are a simple and successful class of quantum error-correcting codes. Yet this success comes in spite of some harsh limitations on the ability of these codes to fault-tolerantly compute. Here we introduce a new metric for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-05-30 Tomas Jochym-O'Connor , Aleksander Kubica , Theodore J. Yoder

Large-scale, fault-tolerant quantum computations will be enabled by quantum error-correcting codes (QECC). This work presents the first systematic technique to test the accuracy and effectiveness of different QECC decoding schemes by…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-11-22 Arshpreet Singh Maan , Alexandru Paler

Transversal gates are the ideal gates in a fault-tolerant scenario; relatively easy to implement, and minimally error propagating. Their availability will maximise fault tolerant thresholds, enabling universal quantum computation in a wider…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-23 Heather Leitch , Alastair Kay

Window decoding, first proposed to reduce decoding complexity for real-time decoding, is an essential component to realize scalable, universal-fault tolerant computation. Prior work has focused on improving throughput through…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-05 Tina Oberoi , Joshua Viszlai , Frederic T. Chong