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The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) relies on a state machine and deterministic arithmetic to ensure reliable connections. However, traditional protocol logic driven by hard-coded state machines struggles to meet the demands of…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Yule Han , Kezhi Wang , Kun Yang

Multi-agent systems (MAS) powered by artificial intelligence (AI) are increasingly foundational to complex, distributed workflows. Yet, the security of their underlying communication protocols remains critically under-examined. This paper…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Yedidel Louck , Ariel Stulman , Amit Dvir

AI agents are increasingly deployed as autonomous systems capable of planning, tool use, and multi-agent collaboration across complex tasks. However, existing agent-related protocols focus on agent-to-agent interactions, leaving humans as…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Zhiyuan Liang , Enfang Cui , Qian Wei , Rui She , Tianzheng Li , Minxin Guo , Yujun Cheng

Modern AI agents can exchange messages using protocols such as A2A and ACP, yet these mechanisms emphasize communication over coordination. As agent populations grow, this limitation produces brittle collective behavior, where individually…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Ayush Chopra , Aman Sharma , Feroz Ahmad , Luca Muscariello , Vijoy Pandey , Ramesh Raskar

Multi-access point coordination (MAPC) is a key technology for enhancing throughput in next-generation Wi-Fi within dense overlapping basic service sets. However, existing MAPC protocols rely on static, protocol-defined rules, which limits…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Yifan Fan , Le Liang , Peng Liu , Xiao Li , Ziyang Guo , Qiao Lan , Shi Jin , Wen Tong

The rise of AI agents introduces a fundamental shift in Visual Analytics (VA), in which agents act as a new user group. Current agentic approaches - based on computer vision and raw DOM access - fail to perform VA tasks accurately and…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Tobias Stähle , Péter Ferenc Gyarmati , Thilo Spinner , Rita Sevastjanova , Dominik Moritz , Mennatallah El-Assady

The rapid advancement of Generative AI has catalyzed the emergence of autonomous AI agents, presenting unprecedented challenges for enterprise computing infrastructures. Current enterprise API architectures are predominantly designed for…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-02-26 Vaibhav Tupe , Shrinath Thube

As multi-agent systems evolve to encompass increasingly diverse and specialized agents, the challenge of enabling effective collaboration between heterogeneous agents has become paramount, with traditional agent communication protocols…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Ken Huang , Akram Sheriff , Vineeth Sai Narajala , Idan Habler

Interaction-Oriented Programming (IOP) is an approach to building a multiagent system by modeling the interactions between its roles via a flexible interaction protocol and implementing agents to realize the interactions of the roles they…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Amit K. Chopra , Samuel H. Christie , Munindar P. Singh

The rise of autonomous AI agents, capable of perceiving, reasoning, and acting independently, signals a profound shift in how digital ecosystems operate, govern, and evolve. As these agents proliferate beyond centralized infrastructures,…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-04-23 Rajesh Ranjan , Shailja Gupta , Surya Narayan Singh

The rapid growth in the use of Large Language Models (LLMs) and AI Agents as part of software development and deployment is revolutionizing the information technology landscape. While code generation receives significant attention, a…

Today's AI agents are built on large language models (LLMs) equipped with tools to access and modify external environments, such as corporate file systems, API-accessible platforms and websites. AI agents offer the promise of automating…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Merlin Stein

The next generation of networks must support billions of connected devices in the Internet-of-Things (IoT). To support IoT applications, sources sense and send their measurement updates over the Internet to a monitor (control station) for…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2019-05-07 Tanya Shreedhar , Sanjit K. Kaul , Roy D. Yates

The AI agent ecosystem has converged on two protocols: the Model Context Protocol (MCP) for tool invocation and Agent-to-Agent (A2A) for single-principal task delegation. Both assume a single controlling principal, meaning one person or…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Kaiyang Qian , Xinmin Fang , Zhengxiong Li

The emergence of large language models has catalyzed two distinct yet interconnected paradigms in artificial intelligence: standalone AI Agents and collaborative Agentic AI ecosystems. This comprehensive study establishes a definitive…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Prashik Buddhaghosh Bansod

We present AgentOptics, an agentic AI framework for high-fidelity, autonomous optical system control built on the Model Context Protocol (MCP). AgentOptics interprets natural language tasks and executes protocol-compliant actions on…

Autonomous agents are moving from tools into a layer of social infrastructure: they browse, purchase, deploy software, manage systems, and increasingly interact with one another. As these systems scale, the bottleneck shifts away from raw…

The emergence of Agentic Artificial Intelligence (AAI) systems capable of independently initiating digital interactions necessitates a new optimisation paradigm designed explicitly for seamless agent-platform interactions. This article…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Luciano Floridi , Carlotta Buttaboni , Nicolas Gertler , Emmie Hine , Jessica Morley , Claudio Novelli , Tyler Schroder

The Contract Net Protocol (1980) introduced coordination through contracts in multi-agent systems. Modern agent protocols standardize connectivity and interoperability; yet, none provide formal, resource governance-normative mechanisms to…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Qing Ye , Jing Tan

Large language models (LLMs) are being increasingly used for planning in orchestrated multi-agent systems. However, existing LLM-based approaches often fall short of human expectations and, critically, lack effective mechanisms for users to…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Hannah Kim , Kushan Mitra , Chen Shen , Dan Zhang , Estevam Hruschka